Table 4.

Common sepsis related soluble molecule biomarkers

	Primary Function	Common Detection Methods	Detection Limits	Levels During Sepsis	References
Proteins
IL-6	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Electrochemical, fluorescence	1 pg/mL	> 1000 pg/mL	(Brown et al., 2018), (Russell et al., 2019), (Bozza et al., 2007; Panacek et al., 2004)
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Electrochemical, fluorescence	1.1 pg/mL	> 90 pg/mL	(de Pablo et al., 2011), (Pierrakos & Vincent, 2010)
IL-1β	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Electrochemical, immunoassays	0.7 pg/mL	> 50 pg/mL	(de Pablo et al., 2011), (Baraket et al., 2017), (Kurt et al., 2007)
Procalcitonin (PCT)	Calcium homeostasis	Electrochemical, immunoassays	0.01 ng/mL	> 0.5 ng/mL	(Maruna et al., 2000), (Min Lim et al., 2017), (Vijayan et al., 2017)
C-reactive protein (CRP)	Phagocytic marker during inflammation	Electrochemical, immunoassays, EIS	0.01 ng/mL	> 90 ng/mL	(Thompson et al., 1999), (Ibupoto et al., 2012), (Castelli et al., 2004)
sCD28	T cell activation	Fluorescence, immunoassays	0.1 pg/mL	> 5 pg/mL	(Hui et al., 2017), (Watanabe et al., 2018), (Nolan et al., 2008)
Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1)	Monocyte and neutrophil activation	Immunoassays	3 pg/mL	> 400 pg/mL	(Aeinehvand et al., 2018; Jedynak et al., 2018; Li et al., 2014)
Small Molecules
Lactate	Anaerobic metabolite	Electrochemical, EIS, fluorescence, colorimetric	0.05 mM	> 2 mM	(Brown et al., 2018; Koh et al., 2016)