Table 5.

Common sepsis related pathogens

	Common Pathogen Sources	Incubation Time	Common Detection Methods	Detection Limits	Levels During Sepsis	References
Bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Open wounds in hospitals	1 to 10 days	Immunoassays, PCR, gram-positive stain	10 CFU/mL	> 20 CFU/mL	(Zorzoli et al., 2016), (Klevens et al., 2007)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Air droplets	2 to 5 years	Immunoassays, PCR, acid-fast stain	0.4 CFU/mL	1 to 1000 CFU/mL	(Mishra et al., 2019), (Crump et al., 2011), (Kethireddy et al., 2013)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Non-airborne contact	Weeks to months	Immunoassays, gram-negative stain	1 CFU/mL	> 10 CFU/mL	(Cihalova et al., 2017), (Sawano et al., 2016), (Peter et al., 2012)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Contaminated water, hospitals, burn sites	2 to 5 days	Gram-negative stains, triple sugar iron test	5 CFU/mL	> 10 CFU/mL	(Gang et al., 1999), (Sharma & Srivastava, 2016), (Mocan et al., 2017)
Neisseria meningitidis	Fluid droplets from infected individuals	3 to 4 days	Immunoassays, PCR, gram-negative stain	102 CFU/mL	> 103 CFU/mL	(Brigham & Sandora, 2009), (Whaley et al., 2018), (La Scolea & Dryja, 1984)
Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)	Perinatal transmission, skin contact	several years	PCR, direct fluorescent antibody, cyto-smear	102 DNA copies/mL	> 102 DNA copies/mL	(Amel Jamehdar et al., 2014), (Berrington et al., 2009; Glas et al., 2012)
Influenza	From air droplets or surfaces	1 to 4 days	PCR, serologic assays	103 DNA copies/mL	> 105 DNA copies/mL	(Florescu & Kalil, 2014), (Stellrecht et al., 2017), (Lalueza et al., 2019)
Fungi
Candida albicans	Unsterilized catheters, across mucosal barriers	Variable (days to years)	Microscopy, PCR	10 CFU/mL	> 104 CFU/mL	(Duggan et al., 2015), (van de Groep et al., 2018), (Erdogan & Rao, 2015)
Aspergillus fumigatus	Air-borne spores	12 to 17 days	Immunoassays, bronchoscopy, PCR	3 CFU/mL	> 104 CFU/mL	(Hachem et al., 2009), (Alshareef & Robson, 2014), (Sinha et al., 2018)