. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2021 Mar 1;13(5):e1701. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1701

Table 6.

Common point of critical care (POCC) micro and nano multiplexing modalities

	Requisite materials^*	Detectable biomarkers	LOD	Sensitivity	References
*POCC multiplexing potential Class 1:* (i) can measure multiple biomarkers simultaneously (~ 2–20) in parallel, (ii) limited in measuring other biomarker types (i.e., pathogens vs. proteins vs. cell receptors)
Fluorescence	^Dyes, ^imaging, antibodies, nanoparticles	Cell receptors Proteins Pathogens	N/A 10 pM 10² cells/mL	N/A 100 pM 10² cells/mL	(Mishra et al., 2019), (Crump et al., 2011), (Kethireddy et al., 2013), (Hachem et al., 2009), (Volpetti et al., 2015)
Optical/colorimetric	^Tracking system, ^camera, pigments, redox agents	Cell motility Small molecules	1 μm position Δ 200 μM	N/A 0.02–1 mM	(Boneschansker et al., 2014), (Ellett et al., 2018), (Koh et al., 2016), (Sawano et al., 2016), (Peter et al., 2012)

POCC multiplexing potential Class 2: (i) can measure many biomarkers simultaneously (~ 2–100+) AND/OR, (ii) can measure other biomarker types AND/OR, (iii) can translate to POC sensors with similar sensitivity. No reports found demonstrating all three features.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)	^DNA polymerase, ^temperature control, ^DNA primers, ^nucleotides, ^*buffer, centrifugation	Pathogens	20 fg/μL	20–30 fg/μL	(Kao et al., 2011), (van de Groep et al., 2018), (Lehmann et al., 2008)
Quantum dots (QDs)	^*Semi-conducting nanoparticles, imaging/detector, antibodies	Proteins Pathogens	0.5 ng/mL 10² CFU/mL	0.4 ng/mL 10² CFU/mL	(Cihalova et al., 2017), (Sun et al., 2020)
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR/LSPR)	^Metal nanomaterials, ^light source, antibodies	Proteins Pathogens	0.5 ng/mL 100 fM of DNA	0.4 ng/mL 100 fM	(Sun et al., 2020), (Yoo et al., 2011)

POCC multiplexing potential Class 3: (i) can measure multiple biomarkers simultaneously (~ 2–150+), (ii) can measure other biomarker types, and (iii) many examples of fully integrated POC sensors
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)	^AC current, ^electrodes, nanoparticles, antibodies	Cells Cell receptors Proteins Small molecules Pathogens	50 cells/μL 2000 cells/μL 0.5 pg/mL 50 pM 10³ CFU/mL	40 cells 400 cells/μL 5 pg/mL 100 pM N/A	(Hassan et al., 2017), (Ashley et al., 2019), (Lam et al., 2013), (Mok et al., 2014), (Baraket et al., 2017)

Material/label/agent required