Table 2.

Predicting Who Is to Blame for the Initial Spread of COVID‐19 in India, 2020: Tablighi Jamaat, Prime Minister Modi's Government, and Migrant Workers (OLS Regression Estimates)

	Blame
	Tablighi Jamaat	PM Modi Government	Migrant Workers
Treatment (no blame)	−0.61 ***	−0.42 **	0.23 #
	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)
Facebook/Instagram	0.002	0.02	−0.03
	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.05)
Religion (Hindu reference group)
Muslims	−1.33 ***	0.53 **	0.08
	(0.21)	(0.19)	(0.21)
Christians	−0.04	0.93 *	1.03 *
	(0.49)	(0.45)	(0.48)
Sikhs	−1.47 **	−0.01	−1.17 *
	(0.54)	(0.49)	(0.53)
Others	−1.002 #	0.11	0.73
	(0.53)	(0.48)	(0.51)
Women	−0.36 *	0.05	−0.11
	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)
Voted BJP/NDA	−0.12	0.063	0.17
	(0.15)	(0.14)	(0.15)
Voted INC/UPA	−0.46 *	−0.41 *	−0.05
	(0.21)	(0.19)	(0.21)
Age Group (<25 reference group)
25–34	−0.41 *	−0.31 *	−0.58 ***
	(0.17)	(0.15)	(0.16)
35–44	−0.15	0.001	0.02
	(0.16)	(0.15)	(0.16)
45–54	0.01	0.09	−0.006
	(0.16)	(0.15)	(0.16)
55+	−0.11	0.27 #	0.38*
	(0.16)	(0.14)	(0.16)
Urban	−0.17	0.01	0.22
	(0.15)	(0.14)	(0.15)
Constant	6.16***	4.9***	4.87***
	(0.18)	(0.16)	(0.17)
N	3304	3304	3304
Adj. R2	0.02734	0.00965	0.01014

Estimates in bold are significant.

^*** p < .001;

^** p < .01;

^* p < .05;

^# p < .1.