Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of CSVD and control group
| CSVD group (n = 63) | Control group(n = 46) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male / famale) | 41/22 | 15/31 | 0.001* |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 68.0 (62.0,73.0) | 69.0 (65.0,71.0) | 0.455 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 52 (82.5) | 8 (17.4) | < 0.001* |
| DM, n(%) | 11 (17.5) | 4 (8.7) | 0.190 |
| History of symptomatic stroke, n(%) | 28 (44.4) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001* |
| Hyperlipidemia, n(%) | 46 (73.0) | 9 (19.6) | < 0.001* |
| Smoking history, n(%) | 15 (23.8) | 5 (10.9) | 0.085 |
| Anti-hypertension drugs, n(%) | |||
| ACEI/ARB | 33 (52.4) | 5 (10.9) | < 0.001* |
| ß--receptor blocker | 11 (17.5) | 2 (4.3) | 0.037* |
| α-receptor blocker | 4 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.220 |
| αß-receptor blocker | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| CCB | 36 (57.1) | 6 (13.0) | < 0.001* |
| diuredics | 5 (7.9) | 1 (2.2) | 0.380 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 25.1 (22.2,27.7) | 22.3 (20.4,25.4) | 0.010* |
| PSQI, median (IQR) | 8.0 (4.0,10.0) | 7.0 (4.8,10.0) | 0.985 |
| Sleep Stage, %, median (IQR) | |||
| Stage N1 | 8.3 (5.7,14.3) | 7.2 (5.2,10.3) | 0.064 |
| Stage N2 | 50.3 (44.4,58.8) | 51.3 (45.2,57.5) | 0.895 |
| Stage N3 | 19.8 (11.0,28.4) | 20.0 (15.8,26.9) | 0.854 |
| Stage R | 16.7 (12.1,21.5) | 19.0 (16.3,22.2) | 0.014* |
| AHI, times/hour, median (IQR) | 22.4(12.6, 31.4) | 10.8 (6.4,18.2) | < 0.001* |
| AHI in NREM sleep | 18.8 (9.4, 30.3) | 8.0 (3.6,15.6) | 0.004* |
| AHI in REM sleep | 36.6 (18.3, 51.9) | 23.3 (14.7, 35.0) | < 0.001* |
| Average SaO2, %, median (IQR) | 94.0 (92.0,95.0) | 95.0 (94.0,96.0) | 0.005* |
| Minimum SaO2, %, median (IQR) | 85.0 (81.0,89.0) | 89.0 (84.3,90.8) | 0.013* |
| Average oxygen desaturation, %, median (IQR) | 4.0 (4.0,6.0) | 4.0 (4.0,4.8) | 0.011* |
| ODI, times/hour, median (IQR) | 14.6 (7.4,25.8) | 5.7 (2.4,12.4) | < 0.001* |
| ST90%, min, median (IQR) | 3.1 (0.3,17.6) | 0.8 (0.0,7.3) | 0.013* |
| CT90%, %, median (IQR) | 1.3 (0.1,7.4) | 0.2(0.0,1.8) | 0.008* |
| PLMI during sleep period, times/hour, median (IQR) | 1.7(0.0,10.1) | 1.7(0.0,10.9) | 0.933 |
| Average HR during the sleep period, times/min, median (IQR) | 67.0 (60.0, 74.0) | 62.0 (57.8, 67.3) | 0.003* |
| HRV during awake period, median (IQR) | |||
| SDNN | 68.7 (54.7,89.4) | 73.5 (62.5, 83.3) | 0.317 |
| RMSSD | 27.2(17.4, 42.4) | 30.2(23.9, 43.3) | 0.273 |
| PNN50 | 3.2(0.9,8.9) | 5.5(2.8,14.2) | 0.059 |
| LF/HF | 1.3(0.9,2.1) | 1.2(0.8,1.5) | 0.081 |
| HRV during sleep period, median (IQR) | |||
| SDNN | 53.6 (44.1, 71.9) | 70.2 (60.8,77.3) | 0.001* |
| RMSSD | 26.9 (19.2,40.7) | 29.6 (24.1,42.9) | 0.304 |
| PNN50 | 3.3 (1.0,10.2) | 6.2 (2.6,14.5) | 0.053 |
| LF/HF | 1.1 (0.9,2.1) | 1.0 (0.7,1.3) | 0.006* |
Statistical significance is reported as * (P < 0.05)
Abbreviations: CSVD cerebral small vessel disease, IQR interquartile range, DM diabetes mellitus, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blockers, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, NREM non-rapid eye movement, REM rapid eye movement, BMI body mass index, AHI apnea- hypopnea index, SAHS sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, SaO2 oxygen saturation, ODI oxygen desaturation index, ST90% time with SaO2 < 90%, CT90% percentage of cumulative time with SaO2 < 90%, PLMI periodic limb movements index, HR heart rate, SDNN the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, RMSSD the root mean square of successive differences in RR intervals, PNN50 the percentage of normal R-R intervals that differ by 50 ms, LF low-frequency power, HF high-frequency power