Table 2.

Studies that do not support NIV in HM patients for ARF

Study	Design	Patients	Setting	Inclusion criteria	comparison	Rate of NIV failure	HRs of NIV failure	Mortality	Comments
Depuydt, 2004	Retrospective	166	ICU	HM patients who needed ventilation support	NIV/IMV	69%	N/A	NIV:65.4%, NIV failure:91.7% IMV: 65.4%	IMV should considered for HM with ARF, especially when ICU admission was driven by bacteremia
Adda, 2008	Retrospective	99	ICU	PO2/FiO2 < 300	N/A	54%	high RR under NIV, longer delay between admission and NIV, need for vasopressors or RRT, and ARDS	NIV success: 41%; NIV failure: 79%	NIV failure was associated with increased mortality and complications. Predictors of NIV failure can be used to guide intubation
Depuydt, 2010	Retrospective	137	ICU	PO2/FiO2 < 200	Oxygen/NIV/IMV	75%	N/A	ICU mortality: NIV:71%, IMV:63%, Oxygen:32%	Mortality was determined by severity of illness rather than initial ventilation support
Wermke, 2012	RCT	86(allo-HSCT)	wards	PO2/FiO2 < 300, SO2 < 92%, RR > 25	Oxygen/NIV	76%	N/A	100-day mortality: NIV: 39%; Oxygen: 32%	NIV did not reduce need of intubation and mortality, but study design limited the efficacy
Lemial, 2015	RCT	374(283 HM)	ICU	Immunocompromised patients with ARF	Oxygen/NIV	38.20%	N/A	28-day mortality: NIV: 24.1%; Oxygen:27.3%	Early NIV couldn't reduce 28-day mortality compared to oxygen alone
Lemial, 2015	Prospective	380	ICU	SO2 < 90%, or RR > 30	Oxygen/NIV	29%	N/A	NIV: 27%; Oxygen: 25%	NIV did not show benefit for HM with ARF, IMV should not be delayed
Liu, 2017	Retrospective	79	ICU	HM patients who received NIV ventilation	N/A	65%	high FiO2, high PCO2, vasopressor use	NIV success:21%; NIV failure: 74%	NIV failure was associated with high mortality

PaO₂ arterial oxygen tension, FiO₂ fraction of inspired oxygen, RR respiratory rate, IMV invasive mechanical ventilation, NIV noninvasive ventilation, RCT randomized control trial, HM hematological malignancy, ARF acute respiratory failure, N/A not available, PCO₂ partial pressure of carbon dioxide