Table 2.

Primary research articles identified through the search strategy

Year	Study title	Author	Study type	Level of evidence	Patient number	Military/civilian
Catastrophic haemorrhage
2015	Celox-coated gauze for the treatment of civilian penetrating trauma: a randomised clinical trial	Hatamabadi et al	RCT	1b	160	Civilian
2016	A multi-institutional study of haemostatic gauze and tourniquets in rural civilian trauma	Leonard et al	Case series	4	40	Civilian
2015	Prehospital use of hemostatic dressings by the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps: a case series of 122 patients	Shina et al	Case series	4	122	Military
Airway, breathing and ventilation
2010	A meta-analysis of prehospital airway control techniques part II: alternative airway devices and cricothyrotomy success rates	Hubble et al	Meta-analysis	3a	512	Civilian
2000	Emergency airway management in penetrating neck injury	Mandavia et al	Case series	4	82	Civilian
2009	Airway Management of Two Patients with Penetrating Neck Trauma	Bhattacharya et al	Case series	4	2	Civilian
2020	Neck Injuries—Israel defense forces 20 years' experience	Tsur et al	Case series	4	41	Military
2014	Prehospital and en route cricothyrotomy performed in the combat setting: a prospective, multicentre, observational study	Barnard et al	Prospective case series	4	34	Military
Circulation
2006	Emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy for non-torso injuries	Sheppard et al	Case series	4	27	Civilian
2016	The iTClamp in the management of prehospital haemorrhage	Tan et al	Case series	4	10	Civilian
2019	Management of life-threatening haemorrhage from maxillofacial firearm injuries using Foley catheter balloon tamponade	Jose et al	Case series	4	11	Military
2013	The iTClamp controls junctional bleeding in a lethal swine exsanguination model	Fillips et al	Cohort study	2b	20 animal swine model	N/A
Disability prevention
2010	Spine immobilisation in penetrating trauma: more harm than good?	Haut et al	Case control	3b	45,284	Civilian
2009	Increased risk of death with cervical spine immobilisation in penetrating cervical trauma	Vanderlan et al	Case control	3b	188	Civilian
2011	Unstable cervical spine fracture after penetrating neck injury: a rare entity in an analysis of 1069 patients	Lustenberger et al	Case series	4	1069	Civilian
2009	Neurologic sequelae of penetrating cervical trauma	Vanderlan et al	Case series	4	196	Civilian
2000	Prehospital stabilization of the cervical spine for penetrating injuries of the neck—is it necessary?	Barkana et al	Case series	4	44	Military
2009	Learning the lessons from conflict: pre-hospital cervical spine stabilisation following ballistic neck trauma	Ramasamy et al	Case series	4	90	Military

RCT Randomised control trial