Fig. 1.

Nuclear envelope and nucleolus changes in AD. A In the nuclear lamina, lamin A/C expression is increased, whereas lamin B is reduced in the AD cortex. B Dysfunctional lamina causes pathological chromatin relaxation at lamina-associated domains (LAD). C Abnormal accumulation of nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated proteins and other nuclear transport factors, i.e. NTF2 and importin α, compromises nucleocytoplasmic transport. D Various transcription factors are found mislocalized to the cytoplasm. E NPC components are found mislocalized to the cytoplasm, interacting with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), leading to accelerated phosphorylated tau aggregation and eventually impaired nucleoplasmic transport. F The volume of the nucleolus increases at the early stage of AD but decreases as AD progresses. In the nucleolus, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription reduces, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is damaged by oxidative stress