Table 2.
Estimated adjusted odds ratio [95% Confidence Intervals] using multilevel logistic regression for stunting among children (36–59 months) in Malda district, 2018
| Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Child’s age | ||||||
| 36–47 Months® | ||||||
| 48–59 Months | 0.96 [0.69–1.33] | 1.00 [0.72–1.41] | 1.07 [0.76–1.51] | 1.05 [0.75–1.48] | 1.05 [0.75–1.48] | |
| Child’s sex | ||||||
| Male® | ||||||
| Female | 1.29 [0.93–1.78] | 1.20 [0.86–1.68] | 1.21 [0.87–1.70] | 1.22 [0.87–1.70] | 1.23 [0.88–1.73] | |
| Birth order | ||||||
| 1® | ||||||
| 2 | 0.68 [0.25–1.88] | 0.64 [0.23–1.80] | 0.63 [0.23–1.77] | 0.61 [0.22–1.71] | 0.60 [0.22–1.69] | |
| 3 | 1.04 [0.34–3.14] | 0.72 [0.23–2.22] | 0.70 [0.22–2.15] | 0.61 [0.20–1.91] | 0.60 [0.19–1.86] | |
| ≥ 4 | 0.83 [0.26–2.66] | 0.53 [0.16–1.78] | 0.52 [0.16–1.75] | 0.46 [0.14–1.55] | 0.46 [0.14–1.53] | |
| Birth interval | ||||||
| < 36 Months® | ||||||
| ≥ 36 Months | 0.62*[0.40–0.96] | 0.57*[0.36–0.89] | 0.58*[0.37–0.91] | 0.60*[0.38–0.94] | 0.59*[0.38–0.94] | |
| First birth | 0.42 [0.15–1.20] | 0.51 [0.18–1.45] | 0.52 [0.18–1.49] | 0.53 [0.18–1.53] | 0.53 [0.18–1.52] | |
| Low birth weight | ||||||
| No® | ||||||
| Yes | 2.28***[1.50–3.46] | 2.31***[1.50–3.55] | 2.21***[1.44–3.41] | 2.23***[1.45–3.43] | 2.22***[1.44–3.41] | |
| Duration of breastfeeding | ||||||
| ≤ 12 Months® | ||||||
| 13–24 Months | 0.75 [0.40–1.42] | 0.74 [0.38–1.42] | 0.75 [0.39–1.44] | 0.71 [0.37–1.37] | 0.69 [0.36–1.34] | |
| 25–36 Months | 0.56 [0.30–1.02] | 0.55 [0.30–1.03] | 0.55 [0.29–1.02] | 0.55 [0.29–1.02] | 0.53*[0.28–1.01] | |
| ≥ 37 Months | 0.38*[0.18–0.80] | 0.33**[0.15–0.71] | 0.34**[0.15–0.74] | 0.37*[0.17–0.81] | 0.37*[0.17–0.81] | |
| Mother’s age at birth | ||||||
| < 20 Years® | ||||||
| 20–25 Years | 1.38 [0.84–2.25] | 1.43 [0.87–2.34] | 1.56 [0.95–2.57] | 1.59 [0.97–2.61] | ||
| > 25 Years | 1.61 [0.86–3.04] | 1.66 [0.88–3.13] | 1.90*[1.00–3.62] | 1.98*[1.04–3.78] | ||
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| None® | ||||||
| Primary | 1.42 [0.79–2.55] | 1.44 [0.80–2.59] | 1.48 [0.82–2.68] | 1.51 [0.83–2.73] | ||
| Lower secondary | 0.70 [0.41–1.21] | 0.73 [0.43–1.27] | 0.82 [0.47–1.43] | 0.82 [0.47–1.44] | ||
| Upper secondary | 0.95 [0.50–1.82] | 1.02 [0.53–1.96] | 1.16 [0.59–2.27] | 1.20 [0.61–2.36] | ||
| Higher | 0.26**[0.11–0.62] | 0.29**[0.12–0.71] | 0.35*[0.14–0.89] | 0.36*[0.14–0.92] | ||
| Mother’s occupation | ||||||
| Housemaker® | ||||||
| Agricultural/manual worker | 3.14**[1.41–7.00] | 2.82*[1.26–6.28] | 1.84 [0.58–5.86] | 1.77 [0.55–5.66] | ||
| Bidi worker | 2.10***[1.29–3.40] | 1.98**[1.22–3.21] | 2.03**[1.25–3.29] | 1.92**[1.18–3.12] | ||
| Other | 0.85 [0.30–2.36] | 0.79 [0.28–2.22] | 0.88 [0.32–2.45] | 0.85 [0.30–2.36] | ||
| Child attending AWC | ||||||
| No® | ||||||
| Yes | 1.54*[1.04–2.28] | 1.40 [0.95–2.08] | 1.40 [0.95–2.08] | |||
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu® | ||||||
| Muslim/others | 1.48 [0.85–2.56] | 1.47 [0.85–2.54] | ||||
| Caste | ||||||
| General® | ||||||
| OBC | 1.11 [0.62–1.96] | 1.00 [0.56–1.79] | ||||
| SC | 1.02 [0.55–1.91] | 0.96 [0.51–1.81] | ||||
| ST | 1.96 [0.53–7.32] | 1.87 [0.50–6.98] | ||||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poor® | ||||||
| Middle | 1.00 [0.65–1.53] | 1.00 [0.65–1.54] | ||||
| Rich | 0.74 [0.43–1.28] | 0.83 [0.47–1.46] | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban® | ||||||
| Rural | 1.72 [0.78–3.80] | |||||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Random Effects Variance (SE) | ||||||
| Community level | 0.73 (0.14) | 0.69 (0.15) | 0.54 (0.14) | 0.52 (0.14) | 0.42 (0.15) | 0.52 (0.14) |
| ICC | ||||||
| Community level | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
| Variance decomposition (percentage by level) | ||||||
| Child level/household level | 81.85 | 82.64 | 86.00 | 86.30 | 88.71 | 86.30 |
| Community/AWC level | 18.15 | 17.36 | 14.00 | 13.70 | 11.29 | 13.70 |
| Model fit statistics | ||||||
| Wald test X2 | 33.74 | 69.13 | 72.75 | 80.67 | 81.96 | |
| Probability >chi-square | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| LR test vs. logistic regression: p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.024 |
ICC Intra-class correlation coefficient, SE Standard error, LR likelihood ratio, ® Reference category; *** significant level at p-values = < 0.001, ** significant level at p-values = < 0.010, and * significant level at p-values = < 0.050
Source: Computed from the primary field survey, Malda, 2018