Table 1.
Demographics and baseline characteristics.
| PLWH (n = 183) | HIV-(n = 152) | |
| Age, years median (IQR) | 56 (51–60) | 53 (49–59) |
| Race | ||
| Black, n (%) | 134 (73%) | 103 (68%) |
| White, n (%) | 42 (23%) | 45 (30%) |
| Other, n (%) | 7 (3.8%) | 4 (2.6%) |
| Ethnicity, (% Hispanic) | 27 (15%) | 24 (16%) |
| Male sex (%) | 180 (98%) | 137 (90%) |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 26 (24–29) | 30 (26–34) |
| Smoking status∗ | ||
| Never smoker, n (%) | 29 (16%) | 28 (18%) |
| Former smoker, n (%) | 39 (21%) | 37 (24%) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 114 (63%) | 87 (57%) |
| Pack years† in current and former smokers, median (IQR) | 27 (14–42) | 24 (11–38) |
| Self-reported symptoms | ||
| Chronic cough and/or phlegm, n (%) | 118 (65%) | 80 (53%) |
| MRC Dyspnea score ≥2, n (%) | 73 (46%) | 53 (40%) |
| Inhaler prescriptions‡ | ||
| Any inhalers, n (%) | 37 (20%) | 23 (15%) |
| Long-acting inhalers, n (%) | 17 (9.3%) | 10 (6.6%) |
| ICS, n (%) | 14 (7.7%) | 9 (5.9%) |
| LABA, n (%) | 7 (3.8%) | 5 (3.3%) |
| LAMA, n (%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (0.7%) |
| FEV1/FVC post BD <0.7, n (%) | 38 (21%) | 28 (18%) |
| GOLD stage§ | ||
| Stage 1 (FEV1 ≥ 80% predicted) | 21/38 (55%) | 10/28 (36%) |
| Stage 2 (50% ≤ FEV1 < 80% predicted) | 13/38 (34%) | 16/28 (57%) |
| Stage 3 (30% ≤ FEV1 < 50% predicted) | 4/38 (11%) | 2/28 (7%) |
| Bronchodilator reversibility | 14 (38%) | 10 (36%) |
| ICD-9 diagnoses | ||
| ICD-9 COPD diagnosis on enrollment, n (%) | 25 (14%) | 23 (15%) |
| ICD-9 diagnoses of both asthma and COPD, n (%) | 6 (3.3%) | 8 (5.3%) |
| ICD-9 asthma diagnosis without diagnosis of COPD, n (%) | 26 (15%) | 10 (6.6%) |
BD = bronchodilator, BMI = body mass index, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FVC = forced vital capacity, GOLD = global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2006, HIV- = HIV-uninfected participants, ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision, ICS = inhaled corticosteroids, LABA = long acting beta-agonists, LAMA = long acting muscarinic antagonists, MRC = Medical Research Council, PLWH = people living with HIV.
Smoking was defined as never (<100 cigarettes in lifetime), former (last cigarette >12 months ago), or current.
Pack-years were calculated based on years of smoking and average number of cigarettes per day.
Medication data provided is for any inhalers in the year before EXHALE enrollment. Medications were classified as either short-acting bronchodilators (beta agonists and/or muscarinic antagonists), or long-acting controller medications. This latter group consisted of long-acting beta agonists (LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) or combination inhalers which were counted as exposure to each component medication.
We calculated percent-predicted values using reference equations from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).