TABLE 1.
Examples of various cell types and reported EV shedding from their diverse plasma membrane protrusions
| Cell type | Protrusion described | Detection method(s) | Suggested/specific function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Platelet | Plasma membrane protrusions | TEM | Unknown | (Wolf, 1967) |
| Erythrocyte | Pseudopods | TEM | Unknown | (White, 1974) |
| Platelet | Platelet pseudopodium | SEM | Platelet activation | (Polasek, 1982) |
| Chondrocyte | Microvilli | TEM | Matrix vesicles | (Hale & Wuthier, 1987) |
| Chondrocyte | Cytoplasmic processes | TEM | Matrix vesicles | (Takagi et al., 1989) |
| Neuroepithelial cells | Microvilli | TEM, SEM | Brain development | (Marzesco et al., 2005) |
| Caco‐2 colon carcinoma | Microvilli | TEM | Differentiation | (Marzesco et al., 2009) |
| Enterocyte | Microvilli | TEM, SEM | Catalytic activity | (Mcconnell et al., 2009) |
| Osteoblast | Microvilli | TEM | Matrix vesicles | (Thouverey et al., 2009) |
| Tracheobronchial epithelial cell | Cilia | TEM | Mucosal defense | (Kesimer et al., 2009) |
| Megakaryocyte | Micropodia | TEM, DIC | Thrombosis | (Flaumenhaft et al., 2009) |
| Glomerular podocyte | Microvilli | TEM | Urine biomarker | (Hara et al., 2010) |
| Melanocyte | Dendrites | TEM, SEM | Transfer of melanosomes | (Ando et al., 2012) |
| Several cell types | Microvilli/filopodia | LSM, TEM | HAS3‐induced EV shedding | (Rilla et al., 2013) |
| Platelet | Flow‐induced protrusions | TEM, LSM | Proinflammatory function | (Tersteeg et al., 2014) |
|
Normal rat kidney (NRK) cell |
Retraction fibres | LSM | Migrasomes | (Ma et al., 2015) |
| Human embryonic kidney 293T cell | Tips of cell projections | LSM | Intercellular communication | (Lai et al., 2015) |
| Syncytiotrophoplast | Microvilli | TEM | Marker for preeclampsia | (Han et al., 2016) |
| MCF‐7 breast cancer cell | TNT | LSM, Phase contrast | Intercellular communication | (Patheja & Sahu, 2017) |
| Adipose tissue derived MSC | Plasma membrane protrusions | AFM, SEM | Unknown | (Casado et al., 2017) |
| Bone marrow derived MSC | Filopodia/retraction fibres | SEM, LSM | Unknown | (Arasu et al., 2017) |
| HT1080 fibrosarcoma | Retraction fibres | LSM, SEM (CLEM) | Adhesive exosome trails | (Sung et al., 2020) |
Abbreviations: AFM, atomic force microscopy; CLEM, correlative light and electron microscopy; DIC, differential interference contrast microscopy; LSM, laser scanning microscopy; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.