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. 2021 Sep 3;12:720753. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720753

Table 2.

Differences between mindfulness training and waitlist control groups for all outcomes.

Omnibus group*time Group differences at time 2 Group differences at time 3
Measure χ 2 p p fdr η2 t df p p fdr d t df p p fdr d
Component 1: distress 10.21 0.006 - 0.09 −2.96 172.9 0.003 - −0.45 −2.69 176.9 0.008 - −0.41
Perceived stress scale 5.68 0.06 0.09 0.05 −1.62 183.5 0.11 0.18 −0.24 −2.30 187.5 0.02 0.04 −0.34
PTSD checklist 6.20 0.04 0.09 0.05 −2.52 163.2 0.01 0.04 −0.40 −1.44 168.1 0.15 0.20 −0.22
PROMIS anxiety 7.08 0.03 0.09 0.06 −2.27 176.7 0.02 0.05 −0.34 −2.37 180.1 0.02 0.04 −0.35
PROMIS depression 5.42 0.07 0.09 0.05 −1.47 168.6 0.14 0.19 −0.23 −2.34 173.6 0.02 0.04 −0.36
PROMIS fatigue 5.98 0.05 0.09 0.05 −2.01 185.0 0.05 0.10 −0.30 −2.14 188.2 0.03 0.05 −0.31
PROMIS social participation 0.40 0.82 0.82 0.00 −0.22 178.5 0.82 0.82 −0.03 0.43 182.3 0.67 0.73 0.06
Work limitations questionnaire 0.91 0.63 0.72 0.01 -0.81 207.4 0.42 0.48 −0.11 0.35 208.4 0.73 0.73 0.05
OLBI exhaustion 8.28 0.02 0.09 0.07 −2.66 177.8 0.008 0.04 −0.40 −2.31 181.5 0.02 0.04 −0.35
Component 2: pain 0.03 0.99 - 0.00 0.07 193.1 0.95 - 0.01 −0.12 195.7 0.90 - −0.02
PROMIS pain intensity 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 −0.01 188.2 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.03 191.7 0.98 0.98 −0.00
PROMIS pain interference 0.06 0.97 1.00 0.00 0.21 197.1 0.83 0.99 0.03 −0.04 199.3 0.97 0.98 −0.01
Component 3: physical health 2.82 0.24 - 0.01 0.32 214.9 0.75 - 0.05 1.67 215.0 0.10 - 0.23
Health behavior checklist 1.25 0.53 0.53 0.01 0.89 190.2 0.38 0.39 0.13 −0.34 194.0 0.74 0.74 −0.05
PROMIS physical function 2.37 0.31 0.53 0.02 0.86 207.2 0.39 0.39 0.12 1.42 208.2 0.16 0.32 0.20
Component 4: police stress 0.45 0.80 - 0.00 −0.66 171.5 0.51 - −0.10 −0.27 175.3 0.79 - −0.04
Operational PSQ 0.40 0.82 0.90 0.00 −0.60 168.0 0.55 0.64 −0.09 −0.13 172.0 0.90 0.90 −0.02
Organizational PSQ 0.21 0.90 0.90 0.00 −0.46 178.0 0.64 0.64 −0.07 −0.21 181.4 0.83 0.90 −0.03
Component 5: disrupted sleep 9.01 0.01 - 0.08 −1.66 186.1 0.10 - −0.25 −2.99 189.3 0.003 - −0.44
Pittsburgh sleep quality index 4.13 0.13 0.13 0.04 −0.42 177.1 0.67 0.67 −0.06 −1.98 179.1 0.05 0.05 −0.30
PROMIS sleep disturbances 9.52 0.009 0.02 0.09 −2.01 197.9 0.05 0.10 −0.29 −2.87 200.1 0.005 0.01 −0.41
Cortisol awakening response (CAR) 5.55 0.06 - 0.04 −1.31 187.6 0.19 - −0.20 −2.31 195.3 0.02 - −0.33
Diurnal cortisol slope 1.25 0.54 - 0.01 −0.75 116.3 0.45 - −0.14 −0.95 125.2 0.34 - −0.17
Hair cortisol concentration 1.03 0.60 - 0.01 0.26 119.7 0.80 - 0.05 1.01 124.7 0.31 - 0.18
High-sensitivity CRP 2.05 0.36 - 0.02 0.87 161.6 0.38 - 0.14 −0.61 167.0 0.54 - −0.09
Cytokine 3-plex 0.39 0.82 - 0.01 0.49 141.5 0.63 - 0.08 0.49 138.3 0.62 - 0.08
IL-6 1.48 0.48 0.84 0.02 0.77 147.4 0.44 0.77 0.13 1.00 146.3 0.32 0.68 0.17
IL-10 0.46 0.79 0.84 0.01 0.65 126.1 0.52 0.77 0.12 0.42 120.1 0.68 0.68 0.08
TNF-α 0.34 0.84 0.84 0.00 −0.29 138.7 0.77 0.77 −0.05 −0.55 135.1 0.58 0.68 −0.10

Statistics are the results of linear mixed effects models adjusted for baseline scores with covariates of gender, years of police experience, and cohort (year 1/year 2), and additional covariates for biological markers as indicated in Materials and Methods, and a random intercept for each participant. pfdr=false discovery rate-corrected p values within each component measure. PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; OLBI, oldenburg burnout inventory; PSQ, Police Stress Questionnaire; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; and TNF, tumor necrosis factor.