Table 1.
Main characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis.
| Author | Country | Study design | COVID-19 diagnosis | Sample sizes | Age | Sex (M %) | Follow-up time (days) | Settings | NOS assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huang C | China | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 1,733 | Median 57·0 (IQR 47.0–65.0) | 52% | PA:180 | Scale 3 (439) Scale 4 (1,172) Scale 5–6 (122) | 8 |
| Qin W | China | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 647 | Mean 58.0 (± 15.0) | 44% | PD:90 | Severe (248) Non-severe (399) | 8 |
| Sykes DL | UK | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 134 | Median 58.0 (range 25.0–89.0) | 65.7% | PD:113 (range 46–167) | Ward (107) ICU (27) | 7 |
| Garrigues E | France | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR CT | 120 | Mean 63.2(± 15.7) | 62.5% | PA:110.9 (± 11.1) | Ward (96) ICU (24) | 7 |
| van der Sar-van der Brugge S | Netherlands | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 101 | Mean 66.4 (± 12.6) | 57.4% | PD:42 | Scale 3 (28) Scale 4 (73) | 7 |
| Jacobs LG | USA | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 183 | Median 57.0 (IQR 48.0–68.0) | 61.5% | PD:35 (± 5) | – | 6 |
| Arnold DT | UK | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 110 | Median 60.0 (IQR 46.0–73.0) | 56% | PD: 83 (IQR 74–88) | Mild (27) Moderate (65) Severe (18) | 6 |
| Bellan M | Italy | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 238 | Median 61.0 (IQR 50.0–71.0) | 59.7% | PD:120 | – | 6 |
| Halpin SJ | UK | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 100 | Median Ward 70.5 (range 20–93) ICU 58.5 (range 34–84) | 54% | PD:48 (± 10.3) | Ward (68) ICU (32) | 6 |
| Suárez-Robles M | France | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 134 | Mean 58.53 (± 18.53) | 46.3% | PD:90 | – | 5 |
| Méndez R | Spain | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 179 | Median 57.0 (IQR 49–67) | 41.3% | PD:60 | – | 5 |
| Raman B | UK | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 58 | Mean 55.4 (± 13.2) | 58.6% | PA:60–90 | – | 5 |
| Taboada M | Spain | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 91 | Mean 65.5(± 10.4) | 64.8% | PA:180 | – | 6 |
| Xiong Q | China | Prospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 538 | Median 52.0 (IQR 41.0–62.0) | 45.5% | PD: 97 (IQR 95–102) | General (331) Severe (180) Critical (27) | 7 |
| Zhao YM | China | Retrospective cohort study | RT-PCR | 55 | Mean 47.74 (± 15.49) | 58.18% | PD:90 | Mild (4) Moderate (47) Severe (4) | 5 |
| Huang Y | China | Retrospective cohort study | RT-PCR NGS | 57 | Mean 46.72 (± 13.78) | 45.6% | PD:30 | Severe (17) Non-severe (4) | 6 |
CT, computed tomography; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; NGS, next generation sequencing; IQR, interquartile range; PA, post admission; PD, post discharge; ICU, intensive care unit.