Prevalence and odds ratios* of organisms detected in NP/OP specimens, CXR-positive cases versus controls. *Prevalence defined using NP/OP PCR density thresholds for 4 pathogens: P. jirovecii, 4 log10 copies/mL; H. influenzae, 5.9 log10 copies/mL; CMV, 4.9 log10 copies/mL; S. pneumoniae, 6.9 log10 copies/mL). Refer to Supplemental Digital Content 4, http://links.lww.com/INF/D812, for NP/OP PCR results based on positivity. Pathogens are ordered alphabetically among bacteria and then viruses and fungi. Odds ratios adjusted for age, site and all other pathogens. Odd ratios could not be calculated due to zero cells for the following pathogens: B. pertussis, C. pneumoniae, Salmonella species and Flu C. Results presented for both Bangladesh sites combined; refer to Supplemental Digital Content 5, http://links.lww.com/INF/D813, for select results stratified by site. Adeno indicates Adenovirus; B. pert, Bordetella pertussis; Boca, Human bocavirus; C. pneu, Chlamydophila pneumoniae; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CXR+, chest radiograph positive (consolidation and/or other infiltrate); Flu, influenza virus; HCoV, Human coronavirus; Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type b; Hi non-b, Haemophilus influenzae non-b; HMPV, Human metapneumovirus A/B; M. cat, Moraxella catarrhalis; M. pneu, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; NP/OP, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal; NVT, non-PCV13 vaccine type; Para, Parainfluenza virus; P. jirov, Pneumocystis jirovecii; PV/EV, Parechovirus/Enterovirus; Rhino, rhinovirus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus A/B; S. aur, Staphylococcus aureus; S. pneu, Streptococcus pneumoniae; Salm sp, Salmonella species; VT, PCV13 vaccine type.