TABLE 2.

Clinical and Laboratory Factors Associated With In-Hospital Mortality Among 103 HIV-infected <5-yr-Old Zambian Children With Severe or Very Severe Pneumonia on Admission

Characteristic	Fatal Cases	Nonfatal Cases	aORa	P
	41	62
Female	22 (53.7)	33 (53.2)	1.1 (0.5–2.4)	0.87
Very severe pneumoniab	20 (48.8)	16 (25.8)	2.4 (1.0–5.6)	0.048
Age < 1 yr	35 (85.4)	42 (67.7)	2.8 (1.0–7.7)	0.049
Weight-for-age < −2 SD	26 (63.4)	39 (62.9)	1.4 (0.6–3.3)	0.49
Weight-for-height < −2 SD	13 (34.2)	19 (31.7)	1.4 (0.6–3.3)	0.49
Prematurec	1 (2.9)	3 (7.1)	0.4 (0.0–3.9)	0.41
Duration of illnessd
0–2 d	13 (31.7)	17 (27.4)	Ref	0.10
3–5 d	9 (22.0)	26 (41.9)	0.5 (0.2–1.6)
>5 d	19 (46.3)	19 (30.6)	1.7 (0.6–4.6)
Duration in hospital
≤2 d	19 (46.3)	2 (3.3)	14.0 (2.6–76.1)	0.0001
3–5 d	9 (22.0)	15 (24.6)	Ref
>5 d	13 (31.7)	44 (72.1)	0.5 (0.2–1.3)
CXR positivee
Consolidation or other infiltrate	16 (84.2)	42 (87.5)	0.8 (0.2–3.7)	0.76
Normal	3 (15.8)	6 (12.5)	Ref
Runny nose	8 (19.5)	23 (37.1)	0.3 (0.1–0.9)	0.026
Hypoxiaf	30 (73.2)	31 (50.8)	2.2 (0.9–5.3)	0.082
Lethargy	11 (26.8)	6 (9.7)	3.3 (1.1–9.9)	0.034
Deep breathing	5 (12.2)	3 (4.8)	2.3 (0.5–10.6)	0.27
Observed cough	26 (63.4)	44 (71.0)	0.8 (0.3–1.8)	0.52
Observed grunting	18 (43.9)	14 (22.6)	2.7 (1.1–6.6)	0.026
Severe anemiag	14 (35.9)	15 (24.6)	2.2 (0.9–5.6)	0.10
Leukocytosish	18 (46.2)	31 (50.8)	0.8 (0.3–1.8)	0.59

^aOdds ratios adjusted for age in months (aOR).

^bVery severe pneumonia defined as cough and/or difficulty in breathing, plus danger signs (central cyanosis, difficulty breast-feeding/drinking, vomiting everything, multiple or prolonged convulsions, lethargy/unconsciousness or head nodding). Severe pneumonia defined as lower chest wall indrawing in the absence of danger signs.

^cPrematurity defined as <37 wk gestational age or maternal report of premature.

^dDuration of illness defined as duration (in days) of cough, wheeze, fever or difficulty breathing, whichever is longest.

^eRestricted to those with an interpretable CXR (N = 19 for fatal cases and N = 48 for nonfatal cases). CXR obtained at admission.

^fHypoxemia defined as oxygen saturation <90% or on supplemental oxygen if a room air oxygen saturation reading was not available.

^gSevere anemia defined as hemoglobin <7.5 g/dL.

^hLeukocytosis count defined as >15 × 10⁹cells/L for children 1–11 mo and >13 × 10⁹ cells/L for children 12–59 mo.

aOR indicates adjusted odds ratio; CXR, chest radiograph.

Bold indicates P < 0.05.