miR-25 levels in mIGFREO (mutant IGF-1R EC overexpressing) and saphenous vein endothelial cells (SVECs).A and B, Aortic (A; WT [wild type], n=6; mIGFREO, n=9) and pulmonary endothelial cell (PEC; B; WT, n=7; mIGFREO, n=5) levels of miR-25 mRNA expression in mIGFREO and WT littermates (WT). C, miR-25 mRNA level in SVEC from patients with and without diabetes (no diabetes, n=7; diabetes, n=5). D and E, miR-25 mRNA levels (D; no diabetes, n=5; diabetes, n=5) and Nox4 protein (E; WT, n=7; mIGFR, n=6) levels in SVEC from patients without diabetes, transfected with mIGF-1R (mouse IGF-1 receptor) cDNA compared with WT-cDNA. F, Nox4 mRNA expression in SVEC from patients without diabetes transfected with miR-25 mimetic or scrambled control (scrambled, n=5; mimetic, n=5. Schematic representation showing conceptual framework for insulin/IGF-1 resistance in endothelial cells leading to decreased miR-25 and a concomitant increase in Nox4, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leading to enhanced whole-body insulin sensitivity (Graphical Abstract). Data expressed as mean±SEM. *P<0.05, WT vs mIGFREO or no diabetes vs diabetes or WT-cDNA vs mIGF-1R-cDNA or scrambled vs miR-25 mimetic. Data were analyzed using unpaired Student t test. Data in D were analyzed using unpaired Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test.