Table 1.
Demographic and Health Characteristics of Participants in the Sample (N = 151)
| Characteristic | n (%) | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Age group, years | ||
| 70–79 | 84 (55.6) | |
| 80–89 | 64 (42.4) | |
| 90–99 | 3 (2.0) | |
| Sex | ||
| Women | 68 (45.0) | |
| Men | 83 (55.0) | |
| Race | ||
| Black | 28 (18.5) | |
| White | 123 (81.5) | |
| Education category | ||
| Less than high school graduate | 5 (3.3) | |
| High school graduate | 74 (49.0) | |
| College graduate | 61 (40.4) | |
| Professional or graduate school | 11 (7.3) | |
| MMSE | ||
| ≥26 (not impaired) | 113 (74.8) | |
| <26 (impaired) | 38 (25.2) | |
| Medical conditions, number | ||
| 0–1 | 20 (13.3) | |
| 2–3 | 42 (27.8) | |
| 4–5 | 59 (39.1) | |
| ≥6 | 30 (19.9) | |
| CES-D | ||
| ≤16 (not depressed) | 148 (98.0) | |
| >16 (depressed) | 3 (2.0) | |
| Eye diagnoses (one or both eyes)* | ||
| Age-related macular degeneration | 28 (18.9) | |
| Cataract | 62 (41.9) | |
| Diabetic retinopathy or macular edema | 10 (6.8) | |
| Primary open angle glaucoma | 43 (29.1) | |
| Pseudophakia | 91 (61.5) | |
| Other† | 66 (44.6) | |
| Age, years | 79.2 (5.1) | |
| Education, years | 15.0 (2.7) | |
| MMSE, total score | 27.8 (1.8) | |
| CES-D, total score | 3.8 (4.3) |
Notes: CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression scale; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; SD = standard deviation.
*Participants could have more than 1 diagnosis. Medical records could not be located for 3 participants.
†Examples of other conditions include dry eye disease, hypertensive retinopathy, Fuchs’ dystrophy, lattice degeneration, macular cyst hole, macular pucker, ocular prosthesis, and retinal tear.