Table 3.

Age-Adjusted Visual Function Associations With Driving Events Assessed at Randomly Chosen Left Turns During the Course of the 6-Month Prospective Naturalistic Driving Study (N left turns = 473)

Visual Function	Unsafe Traversal vs Safe Traversal (N events = 265)		Problematic Behavior vs Normal Behavior (N events = 201)
	OR (95% CI)*	p Value	OR (95% CI)*	p Value
Contrast sensitivity, log sensitivity
≥1.5 (better)	REF†		REF
<1.5 (worse)	0.48 (0.21–1.11)	.088	0.36 (0.18–0.72)	.004
UFOV subtest 2,‡ ms
<150 (better)	REF		REF
150–350	1.54 (0.71–3.37)	.276	1.49 (0.70–3.15)	.296
>350 (worse)	0.91 (0.56–1.49)	.719	0.84 (0.50–1.43)	.526
Trails B, minute
<2.47 (better)	REF		REF
≥2.47 (worse)	0.54 (0.34–0.85)	.007	0.51 (0.32–0.81)	.004
MVPT3, score
≥8 (better)	REF		REF
<8 (worse)	0.79 (0.39–1.61)	.515	0.57 (0.29–1.13)	.109
Overall visual field sensitivity, dB
>22.4 (better)	REF		REF
≤22.4 (worse)	0.58 (0.36–0.94)	.026	0.63 (0.38–1.05)	.078
Peripheral visual field sensitivity, dB
>19.3 (better)	REF		REF
≤19.3 (worse)	0.48 (0.29–0.79)	.004	0.47 (0.28–0.80)	.005
Upper visual field sensitivity, dB
>22.2 (better)	REF		REF
≤22.2 (worse)	0.65 (0.41–1.01)	.055	0.49 (0.30–0.80)	.004
Lower visual field sensitivity, dB
>22.1 (better)	REF		REF
≤22.1 (worse)	0.54 (0.34–0.86)	.010	0.55 (0.33–0.90)	.017
Left visual field sensitivity, dB
>21.7 (better)	REF		REF
≤21.7 (worse)	0.52 (0.32–0.84)	.007	0.49 (0.29–0.81)	.005
Right visual field sensitivity, dB
>21.9 (better)	REF		REF
≤21.9 (worse)	0.67 (0.43–1.05)	.080	0.68 (0.41–1.11)	.124
Gabor drifting grating threshold, Hz
≤0.14 (better)	REF		REF
>0.14 (worse)	0.73 (0.49–1.09)	.120	0.67 (0.43–1.05)	.079

Notes: MVPT3 = motor-free visual perception test; UFOV, useful field of view.

*Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).

^†Reference group.

^‡The association between UFOV and the left-turn outcomes had reduced sample size because 122 drivers were assessed for UFOV. They had 384 total turns. For unsafe traversal, they had 214 turns and for turn behavior, 165 turns.