Table 1.

Framework of the public health research agenda for managing infodemics.

Stream	Subtopics
Stream 1: Measure and monitor the impact of infodemics during health emergencies	1.1. Standardize taxonomies and classifications 1.2. Develop new metrics to measure and quantify infodemics 1.3. Analyze and triangulate data from multiple sources 1.4. Improve evaluation approaches for infodemic interventions
Stream 2: Detect and understand the spread and impact of infodemics	2.1. Understand how information originates, evolves, and spreads on different platforms and channels 2.2. Assess the role of actors, influencers, platforms, and channels 2.3. Understand how misinformation affects behavior in different populations 2.4. Develop regulatory and ethical principles to mitigate the spread and propagation of harmful health information
Stream 3: Respond and deploy interventions that mitigate and protect against the infodemic and its harmful effects	3.1 Design a behavioral/change model applicable to infodemic management 3.2. Design interventions for different levels of action to mitigate the infodemics
Stream 4: Evaluate infodemic interventions and strengthen the resilience of individuals and communities to infodemics	4.1. Develop interventions that address individual, community, cultural and societal-level factors affecting trust and resilience to misinformation 4.2. Understand and learn from how misinformation has affected behavior among different populations and in different contexts for specific infodemics 4.3. Identify factors associated with successful infodemic management by health authorities, the media, civil society, the private sector, and other stakeholders
Stream 5: Promote the development, adaptation, and application of tools for managing infodemics	5.1. Use implementation research evidence in program improvement and policy development 5.2. Promote evidence-based interventions and approaches among countries 5.3. Improve effectiveness and response times to the infodemic during acute health events