Table 2.

Top 15 research questions across five streams of the research agenda.

Stream	Top 3 questions per stream
Stream 1: Measure and monitor the impact of infodemics during health emergencies	What are ways to score health-related misinformation according to its potential for harm (to people’s health and behaviors; social cohesion; trust in health service delivery, government, communities, media; etc)? How do the infodemic curve and measures of spread and impact change over time during the phases of a disease outbreak? What are the potential indicators or their proxies for measuring trust, resilience, behavior change, exposure to misinformation, susceptibility to misinformation, social cohesion, depth of community engagement, etc?
Stream 2: Detect and understand the spread and impact of infodemics	How does misinformation mutate, adapt, or become remixed between infodemics and within infodemics? What are the strategies used to reduce misinformation’s potential harmfulness in closed networks (online and offline)? How do different types of health misinformation affect online and offline behavior, and what are some measures that can help forecast the impact of the health misinformation types on behavior?
Stream 3: Respond and deploy interventions that mitigate and protect against the infodemic and its harmful effects	What behavioral or process models can inform the development of an infodemic strategy and measure its impact at the individual, community, platform, or societal level? What are the promising interventions at the societal/community/individual/health system levels to address and mitigate health misinformation? What types of participatory or human-centered design approaches can be used to produce more tailored and effective infodemic management interventions?
Stream 4: Evaluate infodemic interventions and strengthen the resilience of individuals and communities to infodemics	How might we define and measure the gradient of community engagement, trust, and empowerment at the individual and community levels as they relate to infodemic management and reduction of harm from health misinformation? What are the sociobehavioral, mental heuristics, and design hierarchies that need to be considered when developing an intervention at the individual and community level? What are the “best buy interventions” to be used by different types of actors in society to maximize the impact on the infodemic at a lower marginal cost?
Stream 5: Promote the development, adaptation, and application of tools for managing infodemics	What considerations should be included in the assessment of risk, harms, and opportunities during the design and implementation of research and infodemic management interventions? What would a readiness assessment look like for infodemic preparedness for a new COVID-19 health intervention? What recommendations can be made to update the International Health Regulations to incorporate infodemic management more strongly as a core capacity of Member States?