Figure 5. Theil Elements in different groups over time.

Panel A: Career stage. Panel B: Gender. Panel C: Race. Panel D: Degree. Values above the zero line indicate that groups received above average funding, while values below zero indicate below average funding. Thus, as in Panel A, late stage investigators received above average funding and early stage investigators received below average funding. Middle career investigators initially received above average funding, but in recent years have received funding close to average, contributing little to inequality. AA = African-American.