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. 2021 Sep 7;97(10):474–488. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012499

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Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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An individual's level of (successful) cognitive aging is determined by 2 distinct modes of cognitive preservation, resistance, and (brain and cognitive) resilience. Recent research in the cognitive decline and dementia field posits neurodegenerative disorders as the product of multiple proteinopathies and other pathologic events occurring in conjunction. Similarly, heterogeneity in cognitive aging trajectories is determined by varying degrees of resistance- and resilience-related mechanisms that interact with these processes and synergistically contribute to successful aging. Icons in this figure are modified from Servier Medical Art, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (smart.servier.com/).