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. 2021 Sep 7;97(10):474–488. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012499

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Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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This figure illustrates a summary of the diverse range of applications and analyses for which residual measures were employed. The studies included in the systematic review demonstrated the use of residual measures to facilitate research aimed to better understand the role of resistance and resilience in brain and cognitive aging. AD = Alzheimer disease; GWAS = genome-wide association study; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; SES = socioeconomic status.