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. 2021 Sep 17;4:1097. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02628-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a cVNS with 0.5 V, 30 s pulses evoked an immediate increase in SN-1 and SN-2 (blue arrowheads) and less in SN-3. No activity was evoked in SN-4. b Comparison between SN-1 and SN-2 spike frequency and amplitude signal increase, values were calculated at 60 s of stimulation and presented as mean ± SD for n = 5 animals; **p < 0.01. c Lidocaine (blue arrow) blocked the neuronal activity evoked by cVNS (yellow arrow), confirming its neuronal nature. SN splenic nerve, cVNS cervical vagus nerve stimulation, SD standard deviation.