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. 2021 Sep 17;4:1097. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02628-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a The activity in SN-1 after cVNS increased at (i) 0.5 V. (ii) At 1.5 V cVNS caused the opposite effect. (iii) Increasing the pulse to 0.5 ms, at 1.5 V had an intermediate effect. b SD-VNS with: (i) 0.2 ms stimulation at 80 mV caused an increase in activity, whereas stimulation of 50 and 100 mV (ii), inhibited SN-1 spontaneous activity. Green and red triangles indicate an increase and decrease in activity, respectively. Rate histograms are presented for each raster plot, representative waveforms are plotted, bin = 1 s. c Delta of changes on the amplitude of the signal (baseline vs. stimulation at 200 s) means ± standard deviation are: increase on 18.16 ± 1.6 and decrease on −10.68 ± 3.07 μV for 0.5 V, 0.3 ms and 100 mV, 0.2 ms, respectively. T test análisis, p < 0.0001 (n = 3 rats, 3–5 repetitions each). cVNS cervical vagus nerve stimulation, SD-VNS subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve stimulation, SN splenic nerve.