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. 2021 Sep 17;12:5509. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25788-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic diagram of membrane valve geometry with cut-away schematics showing a membrane valve in (b) open and (c) closed states depending on pneumatic pressure applied through the control channel. d–o Side- and top-view microscope images of (d–g) 20 pixel, (h–k) 12 pixel, and (l–o) 6 pixel diameter valves in their open and closed states. p Schematic diagram of squeeze valve geometry with cross-section diagrams (rotated 90^∘) showing a squeeze valve in (q) open and (r) closed states depending on pneumatic pressure applied through the control channel, which squeezes together to close the flow channel. s–z Microscope images of (s–v) 4 × 4 pixel (side- and top-view), (w,x) 3 × 3 pixel (top-view), and (y,z) 2 × 2 pixel (top-view) valves in their open and closed states. All scale bars are 100 μm.