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. 2021 Sep 17;11:18581. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97972-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ATRA with Pin1 inhibitory activity also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 proliferation. VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells were pretreated with indicated concentrations of ATRA for 2 h and subsequently infected with SARS-CoV-2 (MOI of 0.01) followed by incubation for 24 h. (A) Western blotting of cell lysates with SARS-CoV-2N, Pin1, and actin antibodies (Duplicate in the figure). Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. 4. (B) Copy number per PCR reaction (8 µl) of vRNA in the culture supernatant 24 h after infection (n = 3). Error bars represent standard deviation. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, Mann–Whitney U test, compared with 0 µM (DMSO).