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. 2021 Sep 17;11:18534. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97753-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Viability of DCs cultivated in the presence or absence of EVs. Viability of (A) iDCs and (B) mDCs treated with EVs from FaDu; (C) iDCs and (D) mDCs treated with EVs from SCC25. Two different concentrations of EVs were used. Representative results of n = 4 samples. Phase contrast microscopy of iDCs and mDCs cultivated in the presence or absence of EVs derived from FaDu or SCC25 cell lines. (E) untreated iDCs; (F) iDCs treated with FaDu EVs; (G) iDCs treated with SCC25 EVs; (H) untreated mDCs; (I) mDCs treated with FaDu EVs; (J) mDCs treated with SCC25 EVs (× 10 magnification). Details from each image were amplified and included as image inserts for better visualization of cells adhered to culture plates. Migration assay analysis. Violet CellTrace-stained iDCs (K) and mDCs (L) were detected in the lower chamber of the transwells. DC CTRL: untreated iDC or mDC; DC CTRL SCC25: untreated iDC or mDC placed in the transwell with SCC25 in the lower chamber; DCs EVs: iDC or mDC treated with EVs; DC EV SCC25: iDC or mDC treated with EVs placed in the transwell with SCC25 in the lower chamber. Diminished migration was observed for EV-treated iDCs (426 ± 27 cells) and mDCs (45 ± 16 cells) when compared with untreated DCs (controls), and this difference was even more evident when SCC25 cells were placed in the lower chamber: 3190 ± 764 treated iDCs migrated to the lower chamber and 79 ± 23 treated mDCS migrated to the lower chamber, compared with 17,153 ± 4411 untreated iDCs and 1125 ± 132 mDCs migrating in control assays. Representative results of n = 2 samples.