Table 1.
Demographics, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Pulmonary Phenotypes Stratified by the Extent of Coronary Artery Calcium in the SCCOR Cohort
| Variable | All Patients | Coronary Calcium |
Univariate OR (95% CI)a | P Valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||||
| No. (%) | 481 | 75 (15.6) | 119 (24.7) | 163 (33.9) | 124 (25.8) | ... | ... |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, y | 65.5 ± 6.2 | 61.8 ± 5.0 | 64.2 ± 6.1 | 66.4 ± 6.0 | 67.9 ± 6.0 | 2.7 (2.1-3.6)b | < .001 |
| Male sex | 53.4 | 29.3 | 43.7 | 62.7 | 65.3 | 2.6 (1.8-3.6) | < 001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 94.8 | 88.0 | 96.6 | 96.9 | 94.3 | 1.8 (0.8-4.0) | .02 |
| Education | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | .12 |
| High school graduate | 28.1 | 24.0 | 22.0 | 32.5 | 30.6 | ... | ... |
| College graduate | 31.1 | 33.3 | 31.4 | 30.7 | 29.9 | ... | ... |
| Graduate/professional degree | 40.8 | 42.7 | 46.6 | 36.8 | 39.5 | ... | ... |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||
| Hypertension | 53.0 | 11.0 | 43.7 | 57.0 | 66.1 | 2.1 (1.5-2.9) | < .001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9.1 | 1.3 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 13.7 | 2.2 (1.3-3.9) | .004 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 57.1 | 46.7 | 43.7 | 61.3 | 70.9 | 2.1 (1.5-3.0) | < .001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.9 ± 4.1 | 27.5 ± 4.4 | 27.9 ± 4.1 | 27.9 ± 3.9 | 28.3 ± 4.1 | 1.3 (0.9-2.0)b | .19 |
| Current smoker | 44.5 | 46.7 | 47.0 | 42.9 | 42.7 | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | .44 |
| Pack-years of smoking | 54.8 ± 30.6 | 44.0 ± 25.2 | 52.2 ± 28.1 | 55.1 ± 28.1 | 63.5 ± 36.3 | 1.1 (1.0-1.3)b | < .001 |
| Cardiovascular medications | |||||||
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor | 14.7 | 2.7 | 13.4 | 16.6 | 21.0 | 2.1 (1.3-3.3) | .001 |
| Statins | 41.2 | 25.3 | 24.6 | 47.8 | 58.1 | 2.8 (2.0-4.0) | < .001 |
| Aspirin | 40.9 | 26.7 | 36.1 | 41.1 | 54.0 | 1.9 (1.4-2.7) | < .001 |
| Expiratory airflow | |||||||
| FEV1, % predicted | 83.5 ± 20.6 | 89.5 ± 16.9 | 83.6 ± 20.6 | 82.9 ± 21.1 | 80.5 ± 21.3 | 1.2 (1.1-1.4)c | .008 |
| FEV1 to FVC ratio | 0.67 ± 0.13 | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 0.67 ± 0.13 | 0.67 ± 0.13 | 0.65 ± 0.13 | 1.6 (1.2-2.0)c | .001 |
| Postbronchodilator change in FEV1 | 9.1 ± 9.6 | 7.6 ± 8.7 | 9.1 ± 10.3 | 10.0 ± 9.8 | 8.9 ± 9.3 | 0.9 (0.6-1.2)c | .41 |
| Emphysema | |||||||
| Low attenuation area, LAA%-950 | 3.2 ± 6.0 | 1.8 ± 4.0 | 3.5 ± 6.7 | 3.6 ± 6.8 | 3.3 ± 5.0 | 1.4 (0.8-2.3)d | .23 |
| Visual emphysema score | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | .08 |
| Airway remodeling | |||||||
| Mean lumen perimeter, mm | 12.9 ± 1.3 | 12.9 ± 1.3 | 12.7 ± 1.3 | 12.9 ± 1.1 | 13.0 ± 1.5 | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | .06 |
| Mean wall area | 47.7 ± 5.0 | 46.8 ± 5.0 | 47.7 ± 5.2 | 48.1 ± 5.1 | 47.7 ± 4.7 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .13 |
| Lung hyperinflation | |||||||
| RV to TLC ratio | 0.44 ± 0.09 | 0.39 ± 0.07 | 0.43 ± 0.11 | 0.44 ± 0.10 | 0.45 ± 0.10 | 2.0 (1.4-2.7)d | < .001 |
| Diffusing capacity | |||||||
| Dlco, % predicted | 72.6 ± 18.9 | 77.2 ± 16.5 | 73.0 ± 19.6 | 72.4 ± 19.1 | 69.6 ± 18.8 | 1.3 (1.1-1.5)c | .01 |
Data are presented as percentage or mean ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. Dlco = diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; % low attenuation area = % of low attenuation areas in density mask analyses of chest CT scans; RV = residual volume; SCCOR = University of Pittsburgh COPD Specialized Center for Clinically Oriented Research; TLC = total lung capacity.
OR and P values are for unadjusted odds of being in a higher category of coronary artery calcium score per unit change for continuous predictors and yes vs no for categorical predictors.
OR is per 10-point increase in the predictor variable.
OR is per 20-point decrease in the predictor variable.
OR is per 20-point increase in the predictor variable.