Table 2.
Demographics, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Pulmonary Phenotypes Stratified by the Extent of Coronary Artery Calcium in the COPDGene Cohort
| Variable | All Patients | Coronary Calcium |
Univariate OR (95% CI)a | P Valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||||
| No. (%) | 2,580 | 990 (38.3) | 729 (28.2) | 509 (19.7) | 352 (13.6) | . . . | . . . |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, y | 60.7 ± 9.1 | 56.3 ± 8.0 | 60.6 ± 8.5 | 64.4 ± 8.1 | 67.7 ± 7.3 | 2.8 (2.5-3.0)b | < .001 |
| Male sex | 50.5 | 42.3 | 48.1 | 58.5 | 66.7 | 1.8 (1.6-2.1) | < .001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 76.8 | 64.2 | 82.2 | 85.0 | 88.9 | 2.9 (2.4-3.5) | < .001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||
| Hypertension | 52.7 | 22.6 | 35.5 | 46.6 | 57.8 | 2.7 (2.3-3.2) | < .001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.1 | 4.1 | 6.7 | 9.0 | 13.1 | 2.2 (1.7-2.9) | < .001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 26.4 | 22.3 | 24.8 | 36.1 | 50.1 | 3.1 (2.6-3.6) | < .001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.4 ± 6.1 | 28.4 ± 6.4 | 28.2 ± 5.9 | 28.1 ± 5.6 | 29.0 ± 6.2 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1)b | .62 |
| Current smoker | 44.5 | 54.5 | 43.9 | 36.1 | 29.6 | 0.5 (0.4-0.6) | < .001 |
| Pack-years of smoking | 44.3 ± 24.3 | 38.9 ± 21.2 | 43.8 ± 23.9 | 47.4 ± 23.4 | 56.0 ± 29.2 | 1.1 (1.1-1.2)b | < .001 |
| Expiratory airflow | |||||||
| FEV1, % predicted | 74.2 ± 27.7 | 78.5 ± 27.1 | 75.6 ± 27.2 | 69.5 ± 28.4 | 65.5 ± 27.1 | 1.2 (1.1-1.3)c | < .001 |
| FEV1 to FVC ratio | 0.64 ± 0.17 | 0.68 ± 0.17 | 0.65 ± 0.17 | 0.60 ± 0.18 | 0.58 ± 0.17 | 1.2 (1.1-1.3)c | < .001 |
| Postbronchodilator change in FEV1 | 6.1 ± 10.3 | 5.4 ± 10.3 | 6.0 ± 10.2 | 6.8 ± 10.0 | 7.1 ± 11.3 | 0.8 (0.7-0.9)c | .003 |
| Emphysema | |||||||
| Low attenuation area LAA%-950 | 8.1 ± 11.3 | 6.4 ± 10.4 | 7.8 ± 11.1 | 10.0 ± 12.1 | 10.9 ± 11.8 | 1.6 (1.4-1.8)d | < .001 |
| Airway remodeling | |||||||
| Mean wall area | 61.2 ± 3.2 | 61.2 ± 3.2 | 61.2 ± 3.3 | 61.3 ± 3.2 | 61.4 ± 3.4 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .15 |
| Lung hyperinflation | |||||||
| FRV to TLV ratioe | 0.58 ± 0.13 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.57 ± 0.12 | 0.60 ± 0.12 | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 1.5 (1.4-1.6)d | < .001 |
Data are presented as percentage or mean ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. COPDGene = Genetic Epidemiology of COPD; FRV = functional residual volume; % low attenuation area = % of low attenuation areas in density mask analyses of chest CT scans; TLV = total lung volume
OR and P values are for unadjusted odds of being in a higher category of coronary artery calcium score per unit change for continuous predictors and yes vs no for categorical predictors.
OR is per 10-point increase in the predictor variable.
OR is per 20-point decrease in the predictor variable.
OR is per 20-point increase in the predictor variable.
FRV was defined as the lung volume assessed on CT images acquired at normal expiration, whereas the TLV was defined as the lung volume assessed on images acquired at full inspiration.