FIGURE 4.

Temporal dynamics of modular architecture. (a) A static network toy example composed of four nodes. (b) A Multilayer network toy example composed of four time windows which are linked in pairs by connecting homologues nodes between adjacent time windows. (c) A statistical framework tailored to temporal networks that can be classified into a connectional null model (Top), a nodal null model (Middle), and a temporal null model (Bottom). These surrogate null models randomly permute the intra‐network links, internet‐work links, and time‐windows, of the original real temporal network. We show all the types of randomised links in red