Table 3.
Effects of farming systems and enterprises on quarterly antimicrobial use in Fijian livestock farms.
| Enterprise |
P |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farming system | Beef | Dairy | Broiler | Layer | SEM | FS | E | FS*E | |
| Anthelmintic use (mg) | |||||||||
| Backyard | 900 | 7158 | 0 | 230 | 5522.1 | 0.104 | < 0.001 | 0.058 | |
| Semi commercial | 32,856 | 9363 | 6 | 701 | |||||
| Commercial | 112,111 | 75,157 | 0 | 3333 | |||||
| Antibiotic use: ESVAC metrics | |||||||||
| mg | Backyard | 0 | 23,065 | 698 | 17,278 | 8877.9 | 0.017 | < 0.001 | 0.215 |
| Semi commercial | 2696 | 11,702 | 3571 | 26,264 | |||||
| Commercial | 3075 | 51,073 | 211,699 | 80,120 | |||||
| mg/PCU | Backyard | 0 | 5 | 10 | 250 | 12.5 | 0.062 | < 0.001 | 0.950 |
| Semi commercial | <0.1 | 1 | 17 | 9 | |||||
| Commercial | <0.1 | 2 | 4 | 72 | |||||
| nDDDvet | Backyard | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.4 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.791 |
| Semi commercial | <0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |||||
| Commercial | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.2 | 2 | |||||
| nDCDvet | Backyard | 0 | 0.1 | <0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.770 |
| Semi commercial | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.1 | <0.1 | |||||
| Commercial | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.4 | |||||
| Antibiotic use: non-ESVAC metrics | |||||||||
| mg/kg administered | Backyard | 0 | 14 | 7 | 148 | 9.5 | 0.640 | 0.040 | 0.384 |
| Semi commercial | 3 | 7 | 62 | 36 | |||||
| Commercial | 7 | 18 | 11 | 51 | |||||
| Treatment Frequency per day | Backyard | 0 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.1 | <0.1 | 0.025 | < 0.001 | 0.384 |
| Semi commercial | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | |||||
| Commercial | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | |||||
| Percentage treated (%) | Backyard | 0 | 36 | 30 | 27 | 2.7 | 0.762 | 0.002 | 0.583 |
| Semi commercial | 2 | 21 | 26 | 16 | |||||
| Commercial | 2 | 10 | 38 | 16 | |||||
| Dose-animal per day | Backyard | 0 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.022 | < 0.001 | 0.749 |
| Semi commercial | <0.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | |||||
| Commercial | <0.1 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 | |||||
Note: FS denotes farming systems; E denotes the enterprises. ESVAC denotes European Surveillance of Veterinary antimicrobials consumption, SEM represent the standard error of mean of interaction of FS and E for each metric. 0 indicates no antimicrobials used. <0.1 indicates the number was smaller than 0.1. The arithmetic means are presented, and statistical analysis was conducted using log transformed data. Metrics: mg = the amount of antimicrobial use expressed as milligrams, mg/PCU = milligrams of antibiotics used per population correction unit of animals at risk (PCU- population correction unit- weight in kilograms of all animals at risk), nDDDvet = number of defined daily doses of antibiotics, nDCDvet = number of doses of antibiotics per treatment course, mg/kg = amount of antibiotics used in milligrams per kilograms weight of animals administered antibiotics per body surface area, TF per day = treatment frequency per day, Percentage treated = proportions (%) of animals treated with antibiotics, dose-animal per day = defined doses per total animal/days at risk (calculated per day).