Table 2.

Risk assessment

Authors	Year	Study type	RoB tool	Risk assessment	Details
Brightwell et al. [24]	2020	Animal study	OHAT	Low
Hernandez et al. [11]	2018	Animal study	OHAT	Medium	No blinding; No confirmation of injury
Yu et al. [3]	2017	Animal study	OHAT	Low
Nong et al. [15]	2016	Cross-sectional study	SIGN	Medium	No blinding; No population details
Wiggins-Dohlvik et al. [10]	2016	Animal study	OHAT	Medium	No randomization, blinding, or confirmation of injury
Hastbacka et al. [12]	2015	Cohort study	SIGN	Low
Nagy et al. [5]	2015	Cohort study	SIGN	Low
Kubo et al. [25]	2014	Animal study	OHAT	Medium	No randomization or blinding
Simonetti et al. [26]	2013	Animal study	OHAT	Low
Stagg et al. [27]	2013	Animal study	OHAT	Medium	No randomization; No confirmation of injury
Wang et al. [16]	2013	Case-control study	SIGN	Low
Sio et al. [28]	2010	Animal study	OHAT	Low
Ulrich et al. [17]	2010	Case-control study	SIGN	Low
Reiss et al. [18]	2009	Cohort study	SIGN	Medium	No blinding; Possible selection bias
Reyes et al. [29]	2009	Animal study	OHAT	Medium	No randomization or blinding
Berger et al. [6]	2007	Animal study	OHAT	Medium	No randomization or blinding
Swann et al. [30]	2007	Animal study	OHAT	Medium	No randomization or blinding
Dasu et al. [19]	2003	Cohort study	SIGN	Medium	Control not well defined
Ulrich et al. [20]	2003	Cohort study	SIGN	Medium	Possible selection bias
Neely et al. [21]	1997	Case-control study	SIGN	Medium	Control not well identified
Schaffer et al. [31]	1997	Animal study	OHAT	Medium	No randomization or blinding
Stricklin et al. [32]	1994	Animal study	OHAT	Low
Young & Grinnell [22]	1994	Cohort study	SIGN	Medium-High	No control
Stricklin et al. [23]	1993	Cohort study	SIGN	Medium	Control not well defined

RoB = risk of bias; OHAT = Office of Health Assessment and Translation; SIGN = The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.