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. 2021 Sep 17;21:455. doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01807-6

Table 2.

Association of cigarette, hookah and opium consumption with denture stomatitis (n = 1619)

Crude model Adjusted model 1 Adjusted model 2 Adjusted model 3
OR (95%Ci)a OR (95%Ci)b OR (95%Ci)c OR (95%Ci)d
Cigarette smoking
 No 1 1 1 1
 Current 2.12 (1.63–2.76) 1.95 (1.36–2.80) 2.27 (1.52–3.38) 2.29 (1.53–3.41)
 Former 1.41 (1.00–2.00) 1.29 (0.85–2.96) 1.47 (0.95–2.27) 1.46 (0.95–2.27)
Duration of cigarette smoking
 Not smoker 1 1 1 1
 ≤ 11 year 2.01 (1.39–2.91) 1.84 (1.19–2.83) 2.05 (1.30–3.23) 2.00 (1.26–3.17)
 12–24 year 1.85 (1.28–2.70) 1.68 (1.08–2.63) 1.86 (1.16–2.95) 1.81 (1.13–2.90)
 25–34 year 1.56 (1.05–2.30) 1.41 (0.89–2.24) 1.51 (0.92–2.47) 1.55 (0.94–2.53)
 ≥ 35 year 2.08 (1.43–3.02) 1.93 (1.23–3.04) 2.09 (1.29–3.36) 2.09 (1.29–3.37)
Opium consumption
 No 1 1 1 1
 Yes 1.33 (1.05–1.69) 0.99 (0.74–1.33) 0.84 (0.61–1.17) 0.81 (0.58–1.13)
Interaction between cigarette smoking and opium use 1.45 (0.76–2.77) 1.52 (0.79–2.94) 1.51 (0.78–2.91) 1.65 (0.85–3.22)
Hookah using
 No 1 1 1 1
 Yes 0.91 (0.64–1.30) 0.80 (0.55–1.15) 0.82 (0.56–1.19) 0.79 (0.54–1.16)

aThe baseline model is stratified on the status of cigarette, hookah and opium consumption

bThe adjusted model 1 is adjusted for confounding variables of age (continuous variable), gender (male/ female), education years (continuous variable) and WSI (continuous variable)

CThe adjusted model 2 has additional adjustment for history of hypertension (yes/no), Oral health factor (e.g. brushing frequency (continuous variable), alcohol use (yes/no)

dThe adjusted model 3 has additional adjustment for vitamins A, B12 and a- and b-carotene, calcium and magnesium (continuous variable)