Table 2.
Association of cigarette, hookah and opium consumption with denture stomatitis (n = 1619)
| Crude model | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | Adjusted model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%Ci)a | OR (95%Ci)b | OR (95%Ci)c | OR (95%Ci)d | |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Current | 2.12 (1.63–2.76) | 1.95 (1.36–2.80) | 2.27 (1.52–3.38) | 2.29 (1.53–3.41) |
| Former | 1.41 (1.00–2.00) | 1.29 (0.85–2.96) | 1.47 (0.95–2.27) | 1.46 (0.95–2.27) |
| Duration of cigarette smoking | ||||
| Not smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| ≤ 11 year | 2.01 (1.39–2.91) | 1.84 (1.19–2.83) | 2.05 (1.30–3.23) | 2.00 (1.26–3.17) |
| 12–24 year | 1.85 (1.28–2.70) | 1.68 (1.08–2.63) | 1.86 (1.16–2.95) | 1.81 (1.13–2.90) |
| 25–34 year | 1.56 (1.05–2.30) | 1.41 (0.89–2.24) | 1.51 (0.92–2.47) | 1.55 (0.94–2.53) |
| ≥ 35 year | 2.08 (1.43–3.02) | 1.93 (1.23–3.04) | 2.09 (1.29–3.36) | 2.09 (1.29–3.37) |
| Opium consumption | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) |
| Interaction between cigarette smoking and opium use | 1.45 (0.76–2.77) | 1.52 (0.79–2.94) | 1.51 (0.78–2.91) | 1.65 (0.85–3.22) |
| Hookah using | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | 0.80 (0.55–1.15) | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 0.79 (0.54–1.16) |
aThe baseline model is stratified on the status of cigarette, hookah and opium consumption
bThe adjusted model 1 is adjusted for confounding variables of age (continuous variable), gender (male/ female), education years (continuous variable) and WSI (continuous variable)
CThe adjusted model 2 has additional adjustment for history of hypertension (yes/no), Oral health factor (e.g. brushing frequency (continuous variable), alcohol use (yes/no)
dThe adjusted model 3 has additional adjustment for vitamins A, B12 and a- and b-carotene, calcium and magnesium (continuous variable)