Table 1.
Characteristics of patients according to VHD status
| Variables | All1 (n = 983) |
No/mild VHDa (n = 408) |
Significant VHDa (n = 575) |
p valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 76 (14) | 72 (16) | 78 (11) | < 0.001 | |
| Gender (men) | 553 (54.2) | 243 (59.6) | 290 (50.4) | 0.005 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28 (6) | 29 (6) | 25 (3) | 0.003 | |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.3 ± 2.0 | 3.8 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | |
| Median (IQR) | 4 (3) | 4 (2) | 5 (2) | < 0.001 | |
| HASBLED score | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Median (IQR) | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | < 0.001 | |
| AF pattern | |||||
| First-diagnosed | 138 (14) | 71 (17.4) | 67 (11.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Paroxysmal | 364 (37) | 198 (48.5) | 166 (28.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Persistent or permanent | 481 (48.9) | 139 (34.1) | 342 (59.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Duration of AF (years) | 4.0 (9.9) | 3.0 (6.98) | 4.2 (9.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Clinical history | |||||
| Hypertension | 788 (80.2) | 325 (79.7) | 463 (80.5) | 0.738 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 339 (34.5) | 128 (31.4) | 211 (36.7) | 0.084 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 485 (49.3) | 198 (48.5) | 287 (49.9) | 0.669 | |
| Heart failure | 483 (49.1) | 128 (31.4) | 355 (61.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Endocrinal disease | 221 (22.5) | 94 (23) | 127 (22.1) | 0.725 | |
| COPD | 132 (13.4) | 41 (10) | 91 (15.8) | 0.009 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 429 (43.6) | 161 (39.5) | 268 (46.6) | 0.026 | |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 239 (24.3) | 80 (19.6) | 159 (27.7) | 0.004 | |
| Prior PCI or CABG | 278 (32.3) | 126 (30.9) | 192 (33.4) | 0.407 | |
| Prior cardiac arrest | 26 (2.6) | 9 (2.2) | 17 (3) | 0.470 | |
| Non-fatal stroke or SEE | 147 (15) | 59 (14.5) | 88 (15.3) | 0.715 | |
| Non-fatal major hemorrhage | 154 (15.7) | 46 (11.3) | 108 (18.8) | 0.001 | |
| Bioprosthetic valve | 16 (1.6) | 4 (1.0) | 12 (2.1) | 0.206 | |
| eGFR at discharge (ml/min/1.73m2) | 60 (40) | 71 (49) | 55 (34) | < 0.001 | |
| LVEF (%) | 52 (14) | 55 (10) | 50 (15) | < 0.001 | |
| LAVi (mL/m2) | 41 (11) | 37 (13) | 44 (10) | < 0.001 | |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 2047 (4497) | 1422 (2930) | 2771 (5746) | < 0.001 | |
| hs-TnT (pg/ml) | 27 (43) | 20 (32) | 34 (51) | < 0.001 | |
| Medication at discharge | |||||
| Oral anticoagulants | 781 (79.4) | 312 (76.5) | 469 (81.6) | 0.242 | |
| Vitamin K antagonist | 257 (26.1) | 81 (19.9) | 176 (30.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Non-vitamin K antagonist | 524 (53.3) | 231 (56.6) | 293 (51) | 0.02 | |
| Antiplatelet agent | 265 (27) | 109 (27) | 156 (27.1) | 0.885 | |
| Aspirin | 102 (10.4) | 37 (9.1) | 65 (11.3) | 0.257 | |
| Clopidogrel | 60 (6.1) | 26 (6.4) | 34 (5.9) | 0.767 | |
| Dual antiplatelet | 103 (10.5) | 46 (11.3) | 57 (9.9) | 0.492 | |
| B-blocker | 739 (75.2) | 289 (70.8) | 450 (77.3) | 0.005 | |
| Digoxin | 60 (6.1) | 17 (4.1) | 48 (8.3) | 0.009 | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 204 (20.8) | 95 (23.3) | 109 (19) | 0.137 | |
| Antiarrhythmic agent | 228 (23.2) | 117 (30.1) | 105 (18.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Amiodarone | 178 (18.1) | 95 (23.3) | 83 (14.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Propafenone | 27 (2.7) | 18 (4.4) | 9 (1.6) | 0.007 | |
| Sotalol | 23 (2.3) | 10 (2.5) | 13 (2.3) | 0.846 | |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 429 (43.6) | 195 (47.8) | 234 (40.7) | 0.046 | |
| MRAs | 257 (26.1) | 66 (16.2) | 191 (33.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Statins | 387 (39.4) | 175 (42.9) | 212 (36.9) | 0.089 | |
| Diuretics | 591 (60.1) | 181 (44.4) | 410 (71.3) | < 0.001 | |
aData were reported as absolute numbers (%), means (SD), or medians (IQR)
bValues in bold indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05)
VHD valvular heart disease, AF atrial fibrillation, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery by-pass, SEE systemic embolic event, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LAVi indexed left atrial volume, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, hs-TnT cardiac troponin T measured with high-sensitivity assay, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists