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. 2021 Sep 18;61(2):1564–1584. doi: 10.1007/s10943-021-01408-1

Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents (N = 432)

Variables Frequency (N) Percentage (%)
Gender

Male

Female

244

188

56.5

43.5

Ethnicity

Malay

Chinese

Indian

Other

366

48

15

4

84.7

11.1

3.2

0.9

Marital status

Single

Married

Divorce

Widower

Widow

25

303

12

22

69

5.8

70.1

2.8

5.1

16.0

Education

SPM

STPM

Diploma

Degree

Post-graduate studies

351

21

29

22

9

81.3

4.9

6.7

5.1

2.1

Working status

Not working

Self-working

Work with employer

Pensioner

66

68

11

287

15.3

15.7

2.5

66.4

Disease

Cancer

Arthritis

Hypertension

Diabetes

No disease

Other

9

67

250

157

77

196

2.1

15.5

57.9

36.3

17.8

45.4

Exercise

Yes

No

141

291

32.6

67.4

Smoking

Yes

No

63

369

14.6

85.4

Alcohol

Yes

No

3

429

0.7

99.3

SPM Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia, STPM Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia