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. 2021 Sep 18;61(2):1564–1584. doi: 10.1007/s10943-021-01408-1

Table 5.

Mean difference of GDS-15, IADL, and MoCA score between different religious activities among elderly

Religious Activities Status GDS-15 IADL MoCA
Mean SD Independent t test Mean SD Independent t test Mean SD Independent t test
Obligatory prayer

5 times with sunnah prayer, N = 330

5 times only or less, N = 102

2.9 ± 2.1

6.1 ± 3.5

**

12.8 ± 1.9

8.6 ± 4.6

**

22.8 ± 4.9

14.5 ± 8.3

**
Midnight prayer

Midnight prayer, N = 292

No midnight prayer, N = 140

3.0 ± 2.2

4.1 ± 3.2

**

12.8 ± 2.0

10.5 ± 4.0

**

22.6 ± 5.2

18.5 ± 7.8

**
Fast

Fasting, N = 303

Not Fasting, N = 129

2.8 ± 2.1

4.5 ± 3.3

**

12.9 ± 2.1

10.2 ± 3.9

**

22.6 ± 5.4

18 ± 7.6

**
Al-Quran

Reading Al-Quran daily, N = 298

Not Reading Al-Quran daily, N = 134

3.1 ± 2.4

3.9 ± 3.0

*

12.6 ± 2.4

10.8 ± 3.7

**

22.6 ± 5.4

18.2 ± 7.4

**

GDS-15 Geriatric Depression Scale 15, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment

*P-value < 0.05; **P-value < 0.001