Table 2.

Chemical treatments available to control Varroa destructor in Apis mellifera colonies globally

Country	Synthetic “Hard”				Natural “Soft”
	Amitraz (formamidine)	Coumaphos (organophosphate)	Fluvalinate (pyrethroid)	Flumethrin (pyrethroid)	Formic acid	Oxalic acid	Thymol	Hop beta acids
Western Hemisphere
Argentina					X	X	X
Canada	X	X	X		X	X	X	X
Chile							X
Colombia				X
Costa Rica				X	X		X
El Salvador				X
Jamaica			X				X
Mexico			X	X			X
Nicaragua		X		X
Paraguay							X
Trinidad and Tobago			X
United States	X	X	X		X	X	X	X
Uruguay			X				X
Europe and Eurasia
Albania	X	X	X	X			X
Austria	X			X	X	X	X
Azerbaijan				X
Belgium						X	X
Bosnia and Herzegovina							X
Bulgaria		X	X	X	X		X
Croatia		X		X			X
Cyprus		X	X	X	X		X
Czech Republic	X		X		X		X
Denmark	X						X
Estonia			X	X			X
France	X		X		X	X	X
Georgia				X
Germany		X		X	X		X
Greece		X	X	X	X		X
Hungary	X	X		X	X	X	X
Ireland				X	X	X	X
Italy	X		X		X	X	X
Latvia			X	X			X
Lithuania	X		X	X	X		X
Luxembourg							X
Macedonia				X			X
Malta			X	X	X		X
Moldova				X			X
Montenegro							X
Netherlands			X				X
Poland	X			X			X
Portugal	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Romania	X	X	X	X	X		X
Russia			X	X			X
Serbia		X					X
Slovakia	X		X	X	X	X	X
Slovenia		X		X	X	X	X
Spain	X	X	X	X	X		X
Sweden	X	X	X	X			X
Switzerland		X		X	X	T	X
Turkey	X		X	X			X
Ukraine				X			X
United Kingdom	T		X	X	X	X	X
Near Eastern
Algeria	X		X	X		X	X
Egypt							X
Iran			X	X			X
Iraq	T		X				X
Israel		X
Lebanon	X						X
Libya							X
Morocco			X	X			X
Oman							X
Saudi Arabia			X				X
Syria				X			X
Tunisia	X		X				X
Africa (Sub-Sahara)
Madagascar			X
Mauritius	T		X
South Africa	X			X	X
South and Central Asia
Afghanistan	T
Uzbekistan			X				X
East Asia and Pacific
Australia			E	X	X		X
Japan	X		X
Korea, South				X			X
New Zealand	X		X	X	X	X	X
Philippines			X
Thailand			X	X

Registered, X; Temporary Permit, T; Emergency Permit, E.