Table 3.

List of documented Varroa destructor resistance to synthetic chemicals in countries for which data exist

Country	Noted resistance				Citations
	Amitraz (formamidine)	Coumaphos (organophosphate)	Fluvalinate (pyrethroid)	Flumethrin (pyrethroid)
Western Hemisphere
Argentina	X	X			Maggi et al. (2009); Maggi et al. (2010)
Canada		X	X		Currie et al. (2010)
Mexico	X		X	X	Rodríguez-Dehaibes et al. (2005); (2011);
United States	X	X	X		Elzen et al. (1999); (2000); Elzen and Westervelt (2002); Pettis (2004); Sammataro et al. (2000); Rinkevich (2020)
Uruguay				X	Mitton et al. (2016)
Europe and Eurasia
Austria			X		Trouiller (1998)
Belgium			X		Trouiller (1998)
Cyprus			X		Kleanthus et al. (1999)
Czech Republic	X		X	X	Kamler et al. (2016); González-Cabrera et al. (2018)
France	X		X		Colin et al. (1997); Trouiller (1998); Mathieu and Faucon (2000); Almecija et al., 2020
Germany				X	Rolke et al. (2016)
Greece		X	X		Alissandrakis et al. (2017) ; Vlogiannitis et al., 2021
Ireland				X	Surlis et al. (2016)
Italy		X	X		Lodesani and Colombo (1995); Spreafico et al. (2001); Trouiller (1998)
Poland			X	X	Bak et al. (2012)
Slovenia			X		Trouiller (1998)
Spain		X	X		Gracia-Salinas et al. (2006); Higes et al., 2020
Switzerland			X		Trouiller (1998)
United Kingdom			X	X	Thompson et al. (2002); González-Cabrera et al. (2018)
Near Eastern
Israel			X		Mozes-Koch et al. (2000)
East Asia and Pacific
New Zealand	X	X	X	X	Goodwin et al. (2005)