Table 5.
Characteristics of the studies of maternal fever during pregnancy and risk of NDD in the offspring
| Authors | Year | Location | Study type | NDD | Diagnostic Instrument | Age range (months) | Total participants | Total exposure | Total non-exposure | Total NDD | Total non-NDD | Exposure sex ratio (M/F) | NDD sex ratio (M/F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atladóttir et al. [14] | 2012 | Denmark | Cohort | ASD | ICD10 | 96–168 | 96,736 | 23,128 | 61,482 | 976 | 95,760 | – |
792:184 (4.30) |
| Dreier et al. [6] | 2016 | Denmark | Cohort | ADHD |
ICD10 DSM-IV |
48–127.2 | 89,146 | 24,531 | 64,426 | 2215 | 86,742 | – | – |
| Holst et al. [47] | 2015 | Denmark | Cohort | DCD | DCDQ07 | 84–107 | 29,568 | 7909 | 21,603 | 905 | 28,607 |
4078:3887 (1.05) |
– |
| Gustavson et al. [48] | 2019 | Norway | Cohort | ADHD |
ICD10 ADHD-RS |
88.8–207.6 | 99,947 | 9100 | 74,572 | 2941 | 81,270 |
4604:4496 (1.02) |
– |
| Hornig et al. [21] | 2018 | Norway | Cohort | ASD |
ICD10 DSM-IV |
67.2–182.4 | 95,754 | 15,701 | 80,053 | 583 | 95,171 |
8030:7671 (1.05) |
487:96 (5.07) |
| Saunders et al. [44] | 2019 | Canada | Case control | ASD | – | 5–120 | 215 | 31 | 184 | 107 | 108 | – |
79:28 (2.82) |
| Croen et al. [22] | 2019 | USA | Case control | ASD |
ADI-R ADOS-2 |
24–60 | 2258 | 367 | 1891 | 606 | 796 | – |
496:110 (4.51) |
| DD | MSEL | 24–60 | 856 | – |
569:287 (1.98) |
||||||||
| Zerbo et al. [27] | 2013 | USA | Case Control | ASD |
ADI-R ADOS-2 |
24–60 | 1122 | 191 | 931 | 538 | 421 | – |
459:79 (5.81) |
| DD | MSEL | 24–60 | 163 | – |
106:57 (1.86) |
||||||||
| Christian et al. [45] | 2018 | Jamaica | Case Control | ASD |
ADI-R ADOS-2 |
24–96 | 596 | 73 | 523 | 298 | 298 | – |
246:52 (4.73) |
| Brucato et al. yy[46] | 2017 | USA | Case Control | ASD | ICD9 | – | 1104 | 93 | 1011 | 116 | 988 | – |
85:31 (2.74) |
NDD: Neurodevelopmental Disorder; ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder; ADHD: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; DCD: Developmental Coordination Disorder; DD: Developmental Delay; ICD10: International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition; DCDQ07: Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire; ADHD-RS: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale; ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; ADOS-2: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, second edition; MSEL: Mullen Scales of Early Learning; ICD9: International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision