Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with COVID-19 at hospital admission according to ACEIs/ARBs’ use
| Total | ACEIs/ARBs | |||
| (n=11717) | No use (n=8189, 69.9%) |
Use (n=2810, 23.9%) |
Unknown use (n=718, 6.1%) |
|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) (mean (SD)) | 67.82 (17.17) | 65.70 (17.90) | 74.08 (12.85) | 67.47 (17.50) |
| ≥70 years old (n, %) | 6044 (51.6) | 3791 (46.3) | 1886 (67.1) | 367 (51.1) |
| Sex (n, % males) | 6154 (52.5) | 4227 (51.6) | 1562 (55.6) | 365 (50.8) |
| Missing (n, %) | 129 (1.1) | 93 (1.1) | 25 (0.9) | 11 (1.5) |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Smokers (n, %) | 606 (5.2) | 440 (5.4) | 142 (5.1) | 24 (3.3) |
| Missing (n, %) | 5413 (46.2) | 3667 (44.8)) | 1160 (41.3) | 586 (81.6) |
| Influenza vaccination (n, %) | 841 (7.2) | 572 (7.0) | 250 (8.9) | 19 (2.6) |
| Missing (n, %) | 10 076 (86.0) | 7018 (85.7) | 2374 (84.5) | 684 (95.3) |
| Obesity (n, %)* | 782 (6.7) | 478 (5.8) | 271 (9.6) | 33 (4.6) |
| Missing (n, %) | 3887 (33.2) | 2735 (33.4) | 870 (31.0) | 282 (39.3) |
| Chronic comorbidities | ||||
| HBP (n, %) | 4593 (39.2) | 2343 (28.6) | 2090 (74.4) | 160 (22.3) |
| DM (n, %) | 2522 (21.5) | 1486 (18.1) | 936 (33.3) | 100 (13.9) |
| Chronic renal disease (n, %) | 1513 (12.9) | 911 (11.1) | 541 (19.3) | 61 (8.5) |
| CVD (n, %) | 3984 (34.0) | 2326 (28.4) | 1493 (53.1) | 165 (23.0) |
| Chronic lung disease (n, %) | 1731 (14.8) | 1180 (14.4) | 473 (16.8) | 78 (10.9) |
| Cognitive impairment (n, %)† | 1320 (11.3) | 922 (11.3) | 331 (11.8) | 67 (9.3) |
| Missing (n, %) | 668 (5.7) | 461 (5.6) | 173 (6.2) | 34 (4.7) |
| Chronic neuromuscular disease (n, %) | 993 (8.5) | 704 (8.6) | 241 (8.6) | 48 (6.7) |
| Solid malignant neoplasms (n, %) | 990 (8.4) | 697 (8.5) | 261 (9.3) | 32 (4.5) |
| Chronic liver disease (n, %) | 301 (2.6) | 210 (2.6) | 79 (2.8) | 12 (1.7) |
| Immunodepression (n, %) | 297 (2.5) | 224 (2.7) | 64 (2.3) | 9 (1.3) |
| Haematological cancers (n, %) | 216 (1.8) | 154 (1.9) | 56 (2.0) | 6 (0.8) |
| Combination of comorbidities | ||||
| None (n, %) | 4760 (40.6) | 4145 (50.6) | 192 (6.8) | 423 (58.9) |
| CVD and HBP (n, %) | 1386 (11.8) | 713 (8.7) | 633 (22.5) | 41 (5.7) |
| CVD and DM (n, %) | 385 (3.3) | 248 (3.0) | 113 (4.0) | 24 (3.3) |
| HBP and DM (n, %) | 682 (5.8) | 348 (4.2) | 309 (11.0) | 25 (3.5) |
| CVD, HBP and DM (n, %) | 401 (50.6) | 401 (4.9) | 423 (15.1) | 20 (2.8) |
*Values collected only after 3 April 2020.
†Values reported only after 23 March 2020.
ACEIs/ARBs, ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HBP, high blood pressure.