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. 2021 Sep 14;14:1227–1246. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S328671

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© 2021 Wang et al.

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Main strategies of exploiting GAGs for skincare. Topical administration of GAGs such as HA results in topical occlusive effects, and may be able to penetrate into the upper layers of the stratum corneum. Evidence for deeper penetration remains inconclusive, however the use of assisted delivery approaches to create channels in skin through which HA can penetrate such as microneedles and lasers are commonly found in dermatology offices. Retinol and many other cosmetic RMs are able to act on keratinocytes or fibroblasts to potentiate endogenous HA production. C-xyloside increases endogenous GAG release, particularly short chains of CS/DS and alter the fine structure of proteoglycan-associated GAGs. GAG modulation with C-xyloside and associated approaches induce perceivable improvement in clinical signs, as well as inducing biological activity in the stratum corneum, epidermis, DEJ and the dermis as determined by clinical/in vitro data.