Table 7.
PM levels on the day before hospitalization associated with CRP, incidence of comorbidities, BMI, smoking status, and administration of drugs stratified by odds ratio and 95% confidence interval
| Variables | CRR | Crude | Adjusted | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 10 mg/L | ≥ 10 mg/L | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
| n = 191 | n = 126 | ||||||
| Age years | |||||||
| < 65 | 65 (20.50%) | 36 (11.36%) | 1.29 | (0.791,2.103) | – | – | – |
| ≥ 65 | 126 (39.75%) | 90 (28.39%) | |||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 38 (11.99%) | 26 (8.20%) | 1.05 | (0.599,1.831) | – | – | – |
| Male | 153 (48.26%) | 100 (31.55%) | |||||
| BMI | |||||||
| < 18.5 kg/m2 | 19 (5.99%) | 12 (3.79%) | 0.95 | (0.445,2.039) | – | – | – |
| ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 | 172 (54.26%) | 114 (35.96%) | |||||
| GOLD classes | |||||||
| Moderate | 20 (6.31%) | 11 (3.47) | 0.82 | (0.378,1.771) | 1.5 | (1.002,2.236) | 0.049 |
| Severe | 126 (39.75) | 70 (22.08%) | 0.65 | (0.406,1.023) | |||
| Very severe | 45 (14.20%) | 45 (14.20%) | 1.80 | (1.099,2.955) | |||
| Current smoker | |||||||
| Yes | 18 (5.68%) | 24 (7.57) | 2.26 | (1.171,4.368) | 2.1 | (1.109,4.361) | 0.024 |
| No | 173 (54.57%) | 102 (32.18%) | |||||
| Passive smoking | |||||||
| Yes | 65 (20.50%) | 42 (13.25%) | 0.97 | (0.602,1.560) | – | – | – |
| No | 126 (39.75%) | 84 (26.50%) | |||||
| Use of statins | |||||||
| Yes | 38 (11.99%) | 20 (6.31%) | 0.76 | (0.419,1.378) | – | – | – |
| No | 153 (48.26%) | 106 (33.44%) | |||||
| Inhaled corticosteroids | |||||||
| Yes | 163 (51.42%) | 110 (34.70%) | 0.77 | (0.401,1.447) | – | – | – |
| No | 28 (8.83%) | 16 (5.05%) | |||||
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 60 (18.93%) | 56 (17.67%) | 1.75 | (1.096,2.783) | 1.65 | (1.019,2.683) | 0.042 |
| Coronary heart disease | 39 (12.30%) | 40 (12.62%) | 1.81 | (1.084,3.032) | 1.63 | (0.952,2.774) | 0.075 |
| Diabetes | 27 (8.52%) | 19 (5.99%) | 1.08 | (0.571,2.036) | – | – | – |
| Asthma | 12 (3.79%) | 15 (4.73%) | 2.02 | (0.910,4.465) | – | – | – |
| Bronchiectasis | 3 (0.95%) | 4 (1.26%) | 2.06 | (0.452,9.340) | – | – | – |
| PM2.5 | |||||||
| ≥ 25 ug/m3 | 126 (39.75%) | 102 (32.18%) | 2.19 | (1.283,3.747) | 1.91 | (1.101,3.315) | 0.021 |
| < 25 ug/m3 | 65 (20.50%) | 24 (7.57%) | |||||
| PM10 | |||||||
| ≥ 50 ug/m3 | 94 (29.65%) | 81 (25.56%) | 1.86 | (1.170,2.948) | – | – | – |
| < 50 ug/m3 | 97 (30.60%) | 45 (14.20%) | |||||
CRP, C-reactive protein; PM2.5, Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter; PM10, Particulate matter smaller than 10 µm in diameter; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; BMI, Body Mass Index
Variables found to be statistically significant in the multivariable unconditional logistic regression model. Adjusted for GOLD classes, current smoker, hypertension, coronary heart disease, PM2.5 and PM10