Table 4.
Economic evaluations using RUD
| Author, year, country, source number | Type of health care system (insurance) | Valuation year, currency, unit | N | Cost variables identified | Perspective | Total societal cost | Informal cost/total societal cost (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Darba et al. (2016) Spain [68] | Public | 2013, EUR, monthly | 343 | Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs | Individual societal | 5362 | |
| Michalowsky et al. (2018) Germany [72] | Public | 2015, EUR, monthly | 425 | Formal cost, medical care, informal care, indirect | Individual and societal perspective | 2156.4 | 71% |
| Åkerborg et al. (2016) Sweden [57] | Public | 2012, EUR, monthly | 170 | Medical care, formal care, informal care | Individual | 3604.10 | 9.3% |
| Boström et al. (2007) Sweden [50] | Public | 2005, EUR, monthly | DLB: 34, AD: 34 | Medical care, formal care, indirect costs | Societal | DLB: 28974.3, AD: 14079.6 | DLB: 26.9%, AD: 39% |
| Carter et al. (2019) Ireland [55] | Private | 2017, EUR, monthly | 42 | Medical, formal care, informal care | Individual | 24.3% | |
| Ersek et al. (2010) Hungary [58] | Public | 2008, EUR, monthly | 74 | Medical, formal care, informal care | Individual, Societal | 1649 | 17% |
| Farre et al. (2018) Spain [59] | Public | 2017, EUR, monthly | 287 | Indirect cost (loss of labour working hours) | Societal | HC: 411.5, LTIC: 326.3 | |
| Gustavsson et al. (2011b) Cross-country [60] | 2006, GBP, annual | 2744 | Formal care, informal care | Societal |
Mild: 9308 (10,924; 13,353) Mod.: 13980 (16,408; 20,055, Sev.: 19957 (23,422; 28,629) |
87–93% | |
| Gustavsson et al. (2011a) Cross-country [62] | 2007, GBP, monthly | 1222 | Formal care, medical costs, informal care | Societal | HC: 15786, LTIC: 30037 | 30–60% | |
| Gustavsson et al. (2010) Cross-country [61] | 2006, EUR, monthly | Formal care, medical costs, informal care | Individual, societal | NE: 505, WE: 690, SE: 587.5 | NE: 47%, WE: 36.9%, SE: 77.9% | ||
| Vossius et al. (2019) [49] Norway | Public | 2017, EUR, monthly | 257 | Formal care, medical costs, informal care | Societal | 8546 | 33.4% |
| Costa et al. (2017) Cross-country [65] | 2014, EUR, monthly | 1997 | Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs | Societal | HC: 445, LTC: 561 | HC: 73%, LTC: 53% | |
| Gerves et al. (2013) France [56] | Public | 2014, EUR, monthly | 53 | Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs | Individual, societal | 4288.31 | 77.4% |
| Wubker et al. (2014) Cross-country [63] | 2010, EUR, monthly | Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs | Societal | Estonia: 702.2, the Netherlands: 2450.6, Sweden: 2225 | Estonia: 68.2%, the Netherlands: 30.8%, Sweden: 48.3% | ||
| Handels et al. (2018) Cross-country [64] | 2015, EUR, monthly | 451 | Formal care, informal care, indirect costs | Societal | 17,296 (16634–18,004) | 66% | |
| Vandepitte et al. (2020a) Belgium [67] | Public | 2018, EUR, monthly | 355 | Formal care, informal care, indirect costs | Societal, third party payer | 2338 | 45% |
| Buylova et al. (2020) UK [73] | Private and public | 2012, GBP, monthly | 79 | Formal care, informal, indirect costs | Societal | 40,606 | 29% |
| Nakabe et al. 2018 Japan [52] | Public | 2016, USD, monhtly | 330 | Informal care, indirect costs | Individual | ||
| Nakabe et al. 2019 Japan [51] | Public | 2016, USD, monthly | 1383 | Informal care, indirect costs | Individual | ||
| Hojman et al. 2017 Chile [53] | Private | 2009, USD, annual | 3841 | Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs | Societal | 17,599 | 75 |
Information on the share of informal care costs to total cost is authors’ own calculations. In Bostrom et al. [50] informal care added as lost production of workers and lost leisure of retired persons, and costs were given according to the following groups: Dementia Lewy Body (DLB) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In Gustavsson et al. [61] costs are divided regionally: North Europe (NE), Western Europe (WE) and Southern Europe (SE). In 5 studies costs were given annually, in 2 studies costs were given weekly and further, 2 studies reported costs by 6 months. All costs were transformed into monthly cost. Currency abbreviations: Euro (EUR), US dollar (USD), Great British Pound (GBP)