Table 1.
Socio-demographic risk and protective factors for suicide in the Netherlands
| Categories | Characteristics | Beta Parameters | Std. errors | t-tests | Odds-ratio | N(%) training set | N(%) suicides training set |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 10 to 19 | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 79,525(13%) | 195(3%) |
| 20 to 29 | 0.95 | 0.10 | 9.40*** | 2.58 | 80,131(13%) | 541(9%) | |
| 30 to 39 | 1.39 | 0.11 | 12.52*** | 4.01 | 79,243(13%) | 677(12%) | |
| 40 to 49 | 1.74 | 0.11 | 15.82*** | 5.70 | 97,348(16%) | 1159(20%) | |
| 50 to 59 | 1.9 | 0.11 | 17.27*** | 6.69 | 97,423(16%) | 1487(25%) | |
| 60 to 69 | 1.56 | 0.11 | 13.68*** | 4.76 | 82,917(14%) | 945(16%) | |
| 70 to 79 | 1.40 | 0.12 | 11.57*** | 4.06 | 53,098(9%) | 533(9%) | |
| 80 or older | 1.13 | 0.13 | 8.83*** | 3.10 | 32,585(5%) | 317(5%) | |
| Gender | Female | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 305,867(51%) | 1887(32%) |
| Male | 0.96 | 0.03 | 30.00*** | 2.60 | 296,403(49%) | 3967(68%) | |
| Personal income/year | Less than 10,000 | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 170,265(28%) | 963(16%) |
| 10,000 to 20,000 | −0.12 | 0.05 | −2.42* | 0.89 | 133,646(22%) | 1878(32%) | |
| 20,000 to 30,000 | −0.21 | 0.06 | −3.63*** | 0.81 | 96,273(16%) | 1120(19%) | |
| 30,000 to 40,000 | −0.17 | 0.07 | −2.49* | 0.85 | 75,794(13%) | 816(14%) | |
| 40,000 to 50,000 | −0.31 | 0.08 | −3.89*** | 0.73 | 48,697(8%) | 426(7%) | |
| 50,000 to 75,000 | −0.31 | 0.09 | −3.52*** | 0.74 | 51,114(8%) | 431(7%) | |
| 75,000 to 100,000 | −0.27 | 0.12 | −2.23* | 0.76 | 14,750(2%) | 124(2%) | |
| 100,000 to 150,000 | −0.27 | 0.15 | −1.72 | 0.77 | 8003(1%) | 66(1%) | |
| More than 150,000 | −0.44 | 0.22 | −1.97* | 0.64 | 3728(1%) | 30(1%) | |
| Household income/year | Less than 20,000 | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 52,404(9%) | 1147(20%) |
| 20,000 to 40,000 | −0.18 | 0.05 | −3.49*** | 0.84 | 129,459(21%) | 1712(29%) | |
| 40,000 to 60,000 | −0.31 | 0.07 | −4.65*** | 0.74 | 105,090(17%) | 958(16%) | |
| 60,000 to 80,000 | −0.31 | 0.08 | −4.11*** | 0.73 | 95,590(16%) | 711(12%) | |
| 80,000 to 100,000 | −0.32 | 0.08 | −3.77*** | 0.73 | 75,645(13%) | 508(9%) | |
| 100,000 to 150,000 | −0.43 | 0.09 | −4.85*** | 0.65 | 98,135(16%) | 557(10%) | |
| 150,000 to 200,000 | −0.46 | 0.12 | −3.86*** | 0.63 | 28,459(5%) | 151(3%) | |
| More than 200,000 | −0.26 | 0.14 | −1.88 | 0.77 | 17,488(3%) | 110(2%) | |
| Household wealth | Less than − 100,000 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.84 | 1.10 | 13,279(2%) | 98(2%) |
| −100,000 to − 80,000 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 3.38*** | 1.57 | 6008(1%) | 63(1%) | |
| −80,000 to −60,000 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.72 | 1.09 | 10,561(2%) | 77(1%) | |
| −60,000 to −40,000 | −0.00 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 1.00 | 18,992(3%) | 135(2%) | |
| −40,000 to −20,000 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −1.08 | 0.92 | 29,613(5%) | 204(3%) | |
| −20,000 to 0 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.15 | 0.99 | 65,468(11%) | 709(12%) | |
| 0 to 20,000 | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 132,799(22%) | 1753(30%) | |
| 20,000 to 40,000 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.84 | 1.05 | 38,994(6%) | 356(6%) | |
| 40,000 to 60,000 | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.33 | 0.98 | 26,999(4%) | 213(4%) | |
| 60,000 to 80,000 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.69 | 1.06 | 21,684(4%) | 184(3%) | |
| 80,000 to 100,000 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 1.37 | 1.12 | 19,393(3%) | 170(3%) | |
| 100,000 to 150,000 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 1.31 | 1.09 | 43,924(7%) | 362(6%) | |
| 150,000 to 200,000 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.72 | 1.05 | 36,455(6%) | 289(5%) | |
| More than 200,000 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 5.45*** | 1.29 | 138,101(23%) | 1241(21%) | |
| Education level | Unknown | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 243,871(40%) | 2622(45%) |
| Low | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.96 | 0.96 | 135,166(22%) | 1138(19%) | |
| Middle | −0.05 | 0.04 | −1.31 | 0.95 | 126,604(21%) | 1338(23%) | |
| High | −0.20 | 0.05 | −4.28*** | 0.82 | 96,629(16%) | 756(13%) | |
| Immigration background | Dutch | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 479,538(80%) | 4861(83%) |
| Western non-Dutch | 0.15 | 0.04 | 4.23*** | 1.17 | 55,507(9%) | 618(11%) | |
| Non-Western | −0.47 | 0.05 | −10.28*** | 0.63 | 67,225(11%) | 375(6%) | |
| 1st generation immigrant | −0.33 | 0.04 | −8.42*** | 0.72 | 66,276(11%) | 490(8%) | |
| 2nd generation immigrant | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.37 | 1.02 | 56,456(9%) | 503(9%) | |
| Urbanicity | Less than 10,000 people | 0.16 | 0.15 | 1.05 | 1.17 | 5125(1%) | 52(1%) |
| 10,000 to 100,000 people | 0.10 | 0.04 | 2.67** | 1.10 | 259,489(43%) | 2465(42%) | |
| More than 100,000 people | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 332,825(55%) | 3285(56%) | |
| Low address density | −0.00 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 1.00 | 175,387(29%) | 1689(29%) | |
| Medium address density | −0.00 | 0.04 | −0.18 | 0.99 | 100,540(17%) | 974(17%) | |
| High address density | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 321,512(53%) | 3139(54%) | |
| Place in household | Kid living at home | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 111,592(19%) | 464(8%) |
| Living alone | 0.56 | 0.08 | 7.15*** | 1.75 | 114,055(19%) | 2592(44%) | |
| Part non married couple without kids | −0.01 | 0.09 | −0.14 | 0.99 | 41,826(7%) | 378(6%) | |
| Part non married couple with kids | −0.46 | 0.10 | −4.47*** | 0.63 | 132,559(22%) | 990(17%) | |
| Part married couple without kids | −0.45 | 0.08 | −5.66*** | 0.64 | 32,483(5%) | 192(3%) | |
| Part married couple with kids | −0.55 | 0.08 | −6.82*** | 0.58 | 128,513(21%) | 768(13%) | |
| Member institutional household | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 1.02 | 10,339(2%) | 183(3%) | |
| Parent of single parent household | −0.10 | 0.11 | − 0.95 | 0.91 | 22,115(4%) | 211(4%) | |
| Reference person other household | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.61 | 1.17 | 1578(0%) | 17(0%) | |
| Other place household | −0.07 | 0.15 | −0.45 | 0.94 | 7210(1%) | 59(1%) | |
| Healthcare costs/year | Less than 1000 | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 407,142(68%) | 2834(48%) |
| (excl. Mental health care) | 1000 to 5000 | 0.33 | 0.03 | 9.85*** | 1.39 | 137,936(23%) | 1816(31%) |
| 5000 to 10,000 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 11.41*** | 1.80 | 29,758(5%) | 535(9%) | |
| More than 10,000 | 0.80 | 0.05 | 16.56*** | 2.23 | 27,434(5%) | 669(11%) | |
| Social benefits | Unfit for work benefits (UFW) | 0.64 | 0.04 | 14.51*** | 1.89 | 25,196(4%) | 966(17%) |
| Long term unemployment benefits (LTU) | 0.23 | 0.06 | 3.94*** | 1.26 | 22,089(4%) | 577(10%) | |
| Short term unemployment benefits | 0.19 | 0.06 | 3.33*** | 1.21 | 31,920(5%) | 406(7%) | |
| Both UFW and LTU | −0.30 | 0.20 | −1.51 | 0.74 | 699(0%) | 32(1%) | |
| Province | Groningen | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 17,791(3%) | 232(4%) |
| Drenthe | −0.06 | 0.10 | −0.63 | 0.94 | 17,727(3%) | 194(3%) | |
| Utrecht | −0.21 | 0.08 | −2.52* | 0.81 | 44,708(7%) | 388(7%) | |
| Noord-Holland | −0.23 | 0.07 | −3.13** | 0.79 | 98,542(16%) | 902(15%) | |
| Zuid-Holland | −0.21 | 0.07 | −2.94** | 0.81 | 127,000(21%) | 1095(19%) | |
| Noord-Brabant | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.17 | 0.99 | 89,342(15%) | 978(17%) | |
| Limburg | −0.21 | 0.08 | −2.61** | 0.81 | 40,603(7%) | 409(7%) | |
| Overijssel | 0.23 | 0.08 | 2.72** | 1.26 | 40,315(7%) | 354(6%) | |
| Flevoland | −0.11 | 0.12 | −0.92 | 0.90 | 13,721(2%) | 116(2%) | |
| Zeeland | −0.11 | 0.11 | −0.98 | 0.90 | 13,449(2%) | 141(2%) | |
| Gelderland | −0.09 | 0.07 | −1.19 | 0.92 | 72,524(12%) | 725(12%) | |
| Friesland | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.34 | 1.03 | 21,717(4%) | 268(5%) | |
| Year | 2014 | 0 | Fixed | Fixed | 1 | 149,977(25%) | 1406(24%) |
| 2015 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 2.59** | 1.10 | 150,595(25%) | 1468(25%) | |
| 2016 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 2.62** | 1.11 | 151,830(25%) | 1475(25%) | |
| 2017 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 3.70*** | 1.15 | 149,868(25%) | 1505(26%) | |
| Other | Self Employed | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.83 | 0.95 | 34,287(6%) | 335(6%) |
| Main Earner of Household | −0.06 | 0.05 | −1.29 | 0.94 | 310,036(51%) | 4244(72%) | |
| Has a legal debt repayment plan | −0.30 | 0.19 | −1.58 | 0.74 | 1428(0%) | 31(1%) | |
| In mental health care | 2.04 | 0.03 | 64.97*** | 7.69 | 32,921(5%) | 2134(36%) |
Significance levels: *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05