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. 2021 Jun 25;20(5):1851–1870. doi: 10.1007/s10237-021-01480-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

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Fig. 11 — Illustration of periodic boundary conditions using the example of a single fiber in a network: a any fraction of an element sticking out of a periodic boundary must have a counterpart entering at the opposing side; b both element fractions together define what is physically present within the RVE (state I). To compute strains and stresses in both element fractions, it is convenient to use a fictitious state II (shifted rightward in the figure for illustration purposes only), which represents the part of the cut element within the simulated RVE and the part located in an adjacent domain periodically continuing the RVE; c application of fully periodic normal strain boundary condition in vertical direction; d application of fully periodic shear strain boundary condition in the drawing plane