Table 1.
Characteristics of the trials included in this meta-analysis.
| References | Intervention | Duration | Individual (T/P) | Mean age (y) (T/C) | Male (%) (T/C) | Participants | BMI (kg/m2) (T/C) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baugh et al. (23) | Prebiotic vs. placebo | 42 days | 18 (7/11) | 58 ± 3/58 ± 3 | 28.6/45.5 | Overweight or obese patients at risk for T2DM | 30.8 ± 0.8/31.0 ± 0.92 | TMAO→, L-carnitine↓, choline↓, betaine↑ |
| Borges et al. (22) | Probiotic vs. placebo | 90 days | 21 (11/10) | 54.0/54.0 | 40.0/27.3 | Hemodialysis Patients | 24.6 ±7.9/26.7 ± 14.2 | TMAO→, choline↑, betaine↑ |
| Boutagy et al. (18) | Probiotic vs. placebo | 28 days | 19 (9/10) | 22.4 ± 61.1/22.5 ± 6 1.0 | 100.0/100.0 | Non-obese college aged males | 24.5 ± 1.1/23 ± 0.5 | TMAO↑, L-carnitine↑, choline↑, betaine↑ |
| Poesen et al. (24) | Prebiotic vs. placebo | 28 days | 80 (40/40) | 36.7 ± 9.1/32.0 ± 2.0 | 33.3/0 | CKD patients | 28.7 ± 5.0/28.7 ± 5.0 | TMAO↓ |
| Tripolt et al. (25) | Probiotic vs. placebo | 84 days | 28 (13/15) | 10.4 ± 0.3/10.2 ± 0.4 | 54.5/60.0 | Adult metabolic syndrome patients | 3 5 ± 5/3 2 ± 4 | TMAO → |
| de Faria Barros et al. (27) | Probiotic vs. placebo | 90 days | 22 (12/10) | 64.7 ± 6.7/63.6 ± 8.5 | 50.0/50.0 | Non-dialysis CKD patients | 26.7 ± 3.6/27.2 ± 3.9 | TMAO↓, choline↑, betaine↑ |
| Mafra et al. (26) | Probiotic vs. placebo | 90 days | 16 (7/9) | 64.2 ± 7.2/63.4 ± 8.1 | N/N | Non-dialysis CKD patients | – | TMAO↓ |
| Tenore et al. (17) | Probiotic vs. placebo | 56 days | 54 (27/27) | 48.2 ± 10.2/45.1 ± 10.3 | 55.5/55.5 | Individuals with cardiovascular disease risk factors | – | TMAO↓ |
| Dahl et al. (29) | Probiotic vs. placebo | 28 days | 20 (20/20) | 72.4 ± 5.0/72.4 ± 5.0 | 0/0 | Older healthy women | ≤ 30 | TMAO→, L-carnitine → |
| Dahl et al. (29) | Prebiotic vs. placebo | 28 days | 20 (20/20) | 72.4 ± 5.0/72.4 ± 5.0 | 0/0 | Older healthy women | ≤ 30 | TMAO→, L-carnitine↑ |
| Dahl et al. (29) | Synbiotic vs. placebo | 28 days | 20(20/20) | 72.4 ± 5.0/72.4 ± 5.0 | 0/0 | Older healthy women | ≤ 30 | TMAO→, L-carnitine↑ |
| Moludi et al. (28) | Probiotic vs. placebo | 90 days | 44 (22/22) | 56.70 ± 9.10/57.10 ± 7.80 | N/N | Patients with new MI who underwent PTCA | – | TMAO↓ |
TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, Trimethylamine-N-Oxide; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; T, test group; C, control group;→, no significant change before and after intervention; ↑, increased after intervention; ↓, decreased after intervention.