TABLE 3.
Herb-drug interactions with the anti-diabetic drugs and the potential mechanisms of JGSQW as a treatment for T2DM reported by preclinical studies.
| References | Anti-diabetic drugs | Beneficial effects | Potential mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. (2008), Chen and Zeng (2012), Chen and Yang (2013), Chen et al. (2014), Chen (2012), Cheng et al. (2001), Gao (2008), Hirotani et al. (2010), Hirotani Ikeda, Yamamoto, et al. (2007), Hu (2012), Jin et al. (2011), Jin et al. (2012a), Jin et al. (2012b), Jin and Pan (2008), Li (2017), Li et al. (2017), Li (2012), Liu et al. (2013), Liu and Hu (2011), Liu and Hu (2012), Pan (2008), Zhang, Qin, et al. (2014), Zhao (2019) | Metformin, rosiglitazone | Improving glucose metabolism | Reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance, chronic low-grade tissue inflammation, increasing leptin, skeletal muscle InsR, hepatic GLUT2, PEPCK expression, increasing HK and PFK activity, and promoting glucose oxidation and utilization |
| Gao (2008); Pan (2008); Liu and Hu (2011); Chen (2012); Chen and Zeng (2012); Li (2012); Liu, Zhang, Yu, Yan and Zheng (2013); Chen, Wang and Zheng (2014); Li (2017); Li, Qiu, Zhao, Deng, Liu and Hu (2017) | Rosiglitazone | Reducing blood lipids | — |
| Chen (2008); Chen and Zheng (2008); Hirotani, Ikeda, Ikeda, et al. (2007) | Not used | Improving gastrointestinal functions | Improving gastric emptying, intestinal propulsion, levels of substance P in the intermuscular plexus of the gastric sinus, normalizing or suppressing the small intestinal disaccharidase activity and the epithelial cell proliferation mediated by GLP-2. |
| Gao (2008); Pan (2008); Jin, Chen and Li (2011); Jin, Chen and Li (2012a); Jin, Chen and Li (2012b); Chen (2012); Li (2012); Wang and Yang (2012); Yao et al. (2016); Huang (2017) | Rosiglitazone | Kidney protection | Improving renal function, increasing nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase levels, and promoting the repairment of damaged kidney tissues; decreasing UAER, ET, CTGF, and TGF-β1 levels and increasing IGF-1 levels in kidney tissues; affecting the expression of apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax |
| Chen and Wang (2015); Liang et al. (2002); Liu et al. (2004); Shi et al. (2011a); Shi et al. (2011b); Wang and Yang (2012); Wang et al. (2019); Zhang, Chen, et al. (2014) | Metformin | Protection of nerve tissue and function | Enhancing the expression of Ng, mGluR5, NT-3, and nNOS in the hippocampal CA1 region of type 2 diabetic rats; reducing aldose reductase activity (AR), sorbitol (SNS) concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; protecting against nerve damage; improving sciatic nerve conduction velocity |
| Huang (2011); Wang et al. (2012) | Metformin | Sexual function improvement | Increasing testosterone, Nitric Oxide (NO), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), androgen levels |