Table 1.
Ethogram of canine behaviour.
| Behaviour | Description | Behaviour type |
|---|---|---|
| Ears position (23) | Relaxed—both ears of the dog hang relaxed. Upright—the dog holds its ears upright with tension. Flattened—the dog holds its ears flattened and back. |
State event |
| Panting (24, 25) | The dog keeps its mouth wide open and breathes vigorously. | State event |
| Lip licking (24) | Part of tongue is shown and moved along the upper lip. | Point event |
| Looking at the experimenter (15, 26) | The dog turns head and looks towards the experimenter. | State event |
| Sniffing (26, 27) | The dog explores the ground, wall, or an object with its nose, or behaves it in the same way but as a stress-related signal. | State event |
| Shaking (28) | The dog shakes its body or head. | Point event |
| Paw lifting (24) | The dog raises one front limb. | State event |
| Tail position (26, 29, 30) | High—tail is held stiffly and upright, either curled over the back or straight. Neutral—tail is held in the normal carriage position for dog. Low—tail is held down either straight or slightly curled under the dogs' legs. |
State event |
| Vocalisation (24, 31) | Dog vocalises, including barking, growling, whining and howling. | State event |
Parameters assessed: point event: the number of times the event was observed. State event: the duration of the observed event.